Memory enhancement: Difference between revisions

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'''Memory enhancement''' ~~can be described~~ as an ~~effect which induces an enhancement~~ in ~~one~~'s ability to ~~recollect and~~ retain memories. ~~At its highest levels~~, this ~~allows~~ for a person to ~~easily~~ access ~~stored~~ memories ~~and recall them vividly in~~ a ~~lossless manner along side~~ of ~~being able~~ to retain ~~and remember~~ new information on a ~~level~~ which is ~~enhanced beyond that of every day sober living~~.<onlyinclude>

'''Memory enhancement''' is defined as an improvement in a person's ability to recall or retain memories.<ref name="MondadoriMöbius1996">{{cite journal|last1=Mondadori|first1=Cesare|last2=Möbius|first2=Hans-Jörg|last3=Borkowski|first3=Jürgen|title=The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 36 742 and the nootropic oxiracetam facilitate the formation of long-term memory|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=77|issue=1-2|year=1996|pages=223–225|issn=01664328|doi=10.1016/0166-4328(95)00222-7}}</ref><ref name="IlievaHook2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ilieva|first1=Irena P.|last2=Hook|first2=Cayce J.|last3=Farah|first3=Martha J.|title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=27|issue=6|year=2015|pages=1069–1089|issn=0898-929X|doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776}}</ref><ref name="BorotaMurray2014">{{cite journal|last1=Borota|first1=Daniel|last2=Murray|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Keceli|first3=Gizem|last4=Chang|first4=Allen|last5=Watabe|first5=Joseph M|last6=Ly|first6=Maria|last7=Toscano|first7=John P|last8=Yassa|first8=Michael A|title=Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=17|issue=2|year=2014|pages=201–203|issn=1097-6256|doi=10.1038/nn.3623}}</ref><ref name="MorganStevens2010">{{cite journal|last1=Morgan|first1=Annette|last2=Stevens|first2=John|title=Does Bacopa monnieri Improve Memory Performance in Older Persons? Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial|journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine|volume=16|issue=7|year=2010|pages=753–759|issn=1075-5535|doi=10.1089/acm.2009.0342}}</ref> The experience of this effect can make it easier for a person to access and remember past memories at a greater level of detail when compared to that of everyday sober living. It can also help one retain new information that may then be more easily recalled once the person is no longer under the influence of the psychoactive substance.

Memory enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[analysis enhancement]] and [[thought acceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[nootropic]] compounds, such as [[methylphenidate]],<ref name="MehtaOwen2000">{{cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=Mitul A.|last2=Owen|first2=Adrian M.|last3=Sahakian|first3=Barbara J.|last4=Mavaddat|first4=Nahal|last5=Pickard|first5=John D.|last6=Robbins|first6=Trevor W.|title=Methylphenidate Enhances Working Memory by Modulating Discrete Frontal and Parietal Lobe Regions in the Human Brain|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=20|issue=6|year=2000|pages=RC65–RC65|issn=0270-6474|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-06-j0004.2000}}</ref> [[caffeine]],<ref name="BorotaMurray2014" /> [[Noopept]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ostrovskaia, R. U.)), ((Gudasheva, T. A.)), ((Voronina, T. A.)), ((Seredenin, S. B.)) | journal=Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia | title=[The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent noopept] | volume=65 | issue=5 | pages=66–72 | date= October 2002 | issn=0869-2092}}</ref> [[nicotine]],<ref name="HeishmanKleykamp2010">{{cite journal|last1=Heishman|first1=Stephen J.|last2=Kleykamp|first2=Bethea A.|last3=Singleton|first3=Edward G.|title=Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=210|issue=4|year=2010|pages=453–469|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1}}</ref> and [[modafinil]].<ref name="MüllerSteffenhagen2004">{{cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=Ulrich|last2=Steffenhagen|first2=Nikolai|last3=Regenthal|first3=Ralf|last4=Bublak|first4=Peter|title=Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=177|issue=1-2|year=2004|pages=161–169|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s00213-004-1926-3}}</ref>

====Types====

Different substances can enhance different kinds of memory with some considerable overlap. Generally, there are three types:

* '''Long-term memory:''' A vast store of knowledge and a record of prior events.<ref name="Cowan2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cowan|first1=Nelson|title=Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?|volume=169|year=2008|pages=323–338|issn=00796123|doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9}}</ref>

* '''Short-term memory:''' Faculties of the human mind that can hold a limited amount of information in a very accessible state temporarily.<ref name="Cowan2008" /><ref name="EngleTuholski1999">{{cite journal|last1=Engle|first1=Randall W.|last2=Tuholski|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Laughlin|first3=James E.|last4=Conway|first4=Andrew R. A.|title=Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General|volume=128|issue=3|year=1999|pages=309–331|issn=1939-2222|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309}}</ref><ref name="DanemanMerikle1996">{{cite journal|last1=Daneman|first1=Meredyth|last2=Merikle|first2=Philip M.|title=Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|volume=3|issue=4|year=1996|pages=422–433|issn=1069-9384|doi=10.3758/BF03214546}}</ref>

* '''Working memory:''' Information used to plan and carry out behavior. Not completely distinct from short-term memory, it's generally viewed as the combination of multiple components working together. Measures of working memory have been found to correlate with intellectual aptitudes (and especially fluid intelligence) better than measures of short-term memory and, in fact, possibly better than measures of any other particular psychological process. Both storage and processing have to be engaged concurrently to assess working memory capacity, which relates it to cognitive aptitude.<ref name="Cowan2008" /><ref name="EngleTuholski1999" /><ref name="DanemanMerikle1996" /><ref name="DanemanCarpenter1980">{{cite journal|last1=Daneman|first1=Meredyth|last2=Carpenter|first2=Patricia A.|title=Individual differences in working memory and reading|journal=Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior|volume=19|issue=4|year=1980|pages=450–466|issn=00225371|doi=10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6}}</ref><ref name="KyllonenChristal1990">{{cite journal|last1=Kyllonen|first1=Patrick C.|last2=Christal|first2=Raymond E.|title=Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!|journal=Intelligence|volume=14|issue=4|year=1990|pages=389–433|issn=01602896|doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1}}</ref>

</onlyinclude>

===Psychoactive substances===

Compounds ~~from~~ our [[psychoactive substance index]] which ~~our~~ may cause this effect include:

Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:

{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive ~~substances~~]][[Effect::Memory enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}

{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Memory enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}

===Experience reports===

Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:

{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Memory enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}

===See also===

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Subjective effects index]]

*[[Memory suppression]]

*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]

*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]

*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]

[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Enhancement]] [[Category:Effect]]

===External links===

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_improvement Memory improvement (Wikipedia)]

===References===

[[Category:Cognitive]]

[[Category:Enhancement]]

[[Category:Effect]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <onlyinclude>
-'''Memory enhancement''' can be described as an effect which induces an enhancement in one's ability to recollect and retain memories. At its highest levels, this allows for a person to easily access stored memories and recall them vividly in a lossless manner along side of being able to retain and remember new information on a level which is enhanced beyond that of every day sober living.<onlyinclude>
+'''Memory enhancement''' is defined as an improvement in a person's ability to recall or retain memories.<ref name="MondadoriMöbius1996">{{cite journal|last1=Mondadori|first1=Cesare|last2=Möbius|first2=Hans-Jörg|last3=Borkowski|first3=Jürgen|title=The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 36 742 and the nootropic oxiracetam facilitate the formation of long-term memory|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=77|issue=1-2|year=1996|pages=223–225|issn=01664328|doi=10.1016/0166-4328(95)00222-7}}</ref><ref name="IlievaHook2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ilieva|first1=Irena P.|last2=Hook|first2=Cayce J.|last3=Farah|first3=Martha J.|title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=27|issue=6|year=2015|pages=1069–1089|issn=0898-929X|doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776}}</ref><ref name="BorotaMurray2014">{{cite journal|last1=Borota|first1=Daniel|last2=Murray|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Keceli|first3=Gizem|last4=Chang|first4=Allen|last5=Watabe|first5=Joseph M|last6=Ly|first6=Maria|last7=Toscano|first7=John P|last8=Yassa|first8=Michael A|title=Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=17|issue=2|year=2014|pages=201–203|issn=1097-6256|doi=10.1038/nn.3623}}</ref><ref name="MorganStevens2010">{{cite journal|last1=Morgan|first1=Annette|last2=Stevens|first2=John|title=Does Bacopa monnieri Improve Memory Performance in Older Persons? Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial|journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine|volume=16|issue=7|year=2010|pages=753–759|issn=1075-5535|doi=10.1089/acm.2009.0342}}</ref> The experience of this effect can make it easier for a person to access and remember past memories at a greater level of detail when compared to that of everyday sober living. It can also help one retain new information that may then be more easily recalled once the person is no longer under the influence of the psychoactive substance.
+Memory enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[analysis enhancement]] and [[thought acceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[nootropic]] compounds, such as [[methylphenidate]],<ref name="MehtaOwen2000">{{cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=Mitul A.|last2=Owen|first2=Adrian M.|last3=Sahakian|first3=Barbara J.|last4=Mavaddat|first4=Nahal|last5=Pickard|first5=John D.|last6=Robbins|first6=Trevor W.|title=Methylphenidate Enhances Working Memory by Modulating Discrete Frontal and Parietal Lobe Regions in the Human Brain|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=20|issue=6|year=2000|pages=RC65–RC65|issn=0270-6474|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-06-j0004.2000}}</ref> [[caffeine]],<ref name="BorotaMurray2014" /> [[Noopept]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ostrovskaia, R. U.)), ((Gudasheva, T. A.)), ((Voronina, T. A.)), ((Seredenin, S. B.)) | journal=Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia | title=[The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent noopept] | volume=65 | issue=5 | pages=66–72 | date= October 2002 | issn=0869-2092}}</ref> [[nicotine]],<ref name="HeishmanKleykamp2010">{{cite journal|last1=Heishman|first1=Stephen J.|last2=Kleykamp|first2=Bethea A.|last3=Singleton|first3=Edward G.|title=Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=210|issue=4|year=2010|pages=453–469|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1}}</ref> and [[modafinil]].<ref name="MüllerSteffenhagen2004">{{cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=Ulrich|last2=Steffenhagen|first2=Nikolai|last3=Regenthal|first3=Ralf|last4=Bublak|first4=Peter|title=Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=177|issue=1-2|year=2004|pages=161–169|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s00213-004-1926-3}}</ref>
+====Types====
+Different substances can enhance different kinds of memory with some considerable overlap. Generally, there are three types:
+* '''Long-term memory:''' A vast store of knowledge and a record of prior events.<ref name="Cowan2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cowan|first1=Nelson|title=Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?|volume=169|year=2008|pages=323–338|issn=00796123|doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9}}</ref>
+* '''Short-term memory:''' Faculties of the human mind that can hold a limited amount of information in a very accessible state temporarily.<ref name="Cowan2008" /><ref name="EngleTuholski1999">{{cite journal|last1=Engle|first1=Randall W.|last2=Tuholski|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Laughlin|first3=James E.|last4=Conway|first4=Andrew R. A.|title=Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General|volume=128|issue=3|year=1999|pages=309–331|issn=1939-2222|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309}}</ref><ref name="DanemanMerikle1996">{{cite journal|last1=Daneman|first1=Meredyth|last2=Merikle|first2=Philip M.|title=Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|volume=3|issue=4|year=1996|pages=422–433|issn=1069-9384|doi=10.3758/BF03214546}}</ref>
+* '''Working memory:'''  Information used to plan and carry out behavior. Not completely distinct from short-term memory, it's generally viewed as the combination of multiple components working together. Measures of working memory have been found to correlate with intellectual aptitudes (and especially fluid intelligence) better than measures of short-term memory and, in fact, possibly better than measures of any other particular psychological process. Both storage and processing have to be engaged concurrently to assess working memory capacity, which relates it to cognitive aptitude.<ref name="Cowan2008" /><ref name="EngleTuholski1999" /><ref name="DanemanMerikle1996" /><ref name="DanemanCarpenter1980">{{cite journal|last1=Daneman|first1=Meredyth|last2=Carpenter|first2=Patricia A.|title=Individual differences in working memory and reading|journal=Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior|volume=19|issue=4|year=1980|pages=450–466|issn=00225371|doi=10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6}}</ref><ref name="KyllonenChristal1990">{{cite journal|last1=Kyllonen|first1=Patrick C.|last2=Christal|first2=Raymond E.|title=Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!|journal=Intelligence|volume=14|issue=4|year=1990|pages=389–433|issn=01602896|doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1}}</ref>
+</onlyinclude>
 ===Psychoactive substances===
-Compounds from our [[psychoactive substance index]] which our may cause this effect include:
+Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
-{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substances]][[Effect::Memory enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
+{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Memory enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
+===Experience reports===
+Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
+{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Memory enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
 ===See also===
+*[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Subjective effects index]]
+*[[Memory suppression]]
 *[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
 *[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
 *[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
-[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Enhancement]] [[Category:Effect]]
+===External links===
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_improvement Memory improvement (Wikipedia)]
+===References===
+<references />
+[[Category:Cognitive]]
+[[Category:Enhancement]]
+[[Category:Effect]]