Talk:Antidepressant: Difference between revisions

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===Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)===

===Serotonin releasing agents (SRAs)===

~~These~~ agents ~~work~~ by ~~directly increasing~~ the ~~amount~~ of serotonin in the brain. ~~Substances~~ such as [[~~cocaine~~]] and [[MDMA]] ~~can do this, but both~~ are addictive ~~and tolerance quickly builds~~ to ~~each~~. ~~Additionally, the MDMA "comedown" can produce weeks to months of~~ a ~~low mood and motivation if the user "rolls"~~ (~~doses~~) ~~frequently and suddenly stops. Serotonin releasing agents are not prescribed for depression~~.

The psychoactive effects caused by these agents can be mainly attributed to their mechanism of action by inducing release of [[serotonin]] into the neuronal synaptic cleft. Causing an increased concentration and availability of serotonin in the brain. Even though drugs such as MDMA can be technically referred to as SRA’s, it’s however more accurate classification would be an SNDRA over an SRA. Since unlike Selective serotonin releasing agents (SSRA’s) such as [[PMA]] (common cutting agent used for MDMA) which only effects serotonin release, MDMA also induces the release of both dopamine and norepinephrine. It should be noted that PMA and other SSRA’s/SRA’s alike are typically not considered to be reinforcing(addictive) as they lack appreciable dopaminergic and [[adrenergic]] activity. On the other hand substances such as [[Methamphetamine]] and [[MDMA]] are addictive In nature due to their euphoric action on dopamine which is further amplified through their secondary role as SRA’s. FYI Methamphetamine is a very weak SRA so you most likely see it called an [[NDRA]] (Norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent) over an [[SNDRA]].

===Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)===

:NRIs are believed to increase the level of extracellular [[norepinephrine]], therefore allowing more of it to be in the brain. Controversy has been sparked over the effectiveness of reboxetine, an NRI sold as ~~Trintellix~~. <ref>"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis." Multiple authors (2009) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea_Cipriani/publication/23967068_Comparative_efficacy_and_acceptability_of_12_new-generation_antidepressants_A_multiple-treatments_meta-analysis/links/00b7d5278b5bed4c17000000.pdf</ref> Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors can treat the tiredness commonly experienced with depression.

:NRIs are believed to increase the level of extracellular [[norepinephrine]], therefore allowing more of it to be in the brain. Controversy has been sparked over the effectiveness of reboxetine, an NRI sold as Edronax. <ref>"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis." Multiple authors (2009) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea_Cipriani/publication/23967068_Comparative_efficacy_and_acceptability_of_12_new-generation_antidepressants_A_multiple-treatments_meta-analysis/links/00b7d5278b5bed4c17000000.pdf</ref> Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors can treat the tiredness commonly experienced with depression.

===Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)===

:NDRIs are believed to increase the level of extracellular [[norepinephrine]] and [[dopamine]], therefore allowing more of these to be in the brain. Agents such as bupropion (Wellbutrin) have been found effective for MDD with little direct effect on serotonin, and therefore it can be hypothesized that other agents are effective for it. Bupropion and other NDRIs are also effective for depression with fatigue or sleepiness.

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==Experimental treatments==

===[[Psilocybin mushrooms]] ~~("Magic mushrooms")~~===

===[[Psilocybin mushrooms]]===

Psilocybin and other classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]] have been researched as a treatment for depression and anxiety~~, as well as end of life depression and anxiety~~. Studies have shown that psilocybin is ~~extremely~~ effective in reducing overall depression and anxiety.

Psilocybin and other classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]] have been researched as a treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. Studies have shown that psilocybin is highly effective in reducing overall depression and anxiety.{{citation needed}}

===[[Ketamine]]===

In clinical studies, ketamine has proven to be an extremely effective and fast acting antidepressant at low doses (compared to common recreational doses).<ref>https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/strategic-planning-reports/highlights/highlight-ketamine-a-new-and-faster-path-to-treating-depression.shtml</ref> It has become increasingly common for doctors to prescribe ketamine for treatment-resistant depression, severe depression, and addiction.

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ===Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)===
 ===Serotonin releasing agents (SRAs)===
-These agents work by directly increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain. Substances such as [[cocaine]] and [[MDMA]] can do this, but both are addictive and tolerance quickly builds to each. Additionally, the MDMA "comedown" can produce weeks to months of a low mood and motivation if the user "rolls" (doses) frequently and suddenly stops. Serotonin releasing agents are not prescribed for depression.
+The psychoactive effects caused by these agents can be mainly attributed to their mechanism of action by inducing release of [[serotonin]] into the neuronal synaptic cleft. Causing an increased concentration and availability of serotonin in the brain. Even though drugs such as MDMA can be technically referred to as SRA’s, it’s however more accurate classification would be an SNDRA over an SRA. Since unlike Selective serotonin releasing agents (SSRA’s) such as [[PMA]] (common cutting agent used for MDMA) which only effects serotonin release, MDMA also induces the release of both dopamine and norepinephrine. It should be noted that PMA and other SSRA’s/SRA’s alike are typically not considered to be reinforcing(addictive) as they lack appreciable dopaminergic and [[adrenergic]] activity. On the other hand substances such as [[Methamphetamine]] and [[MDMA]] are addictive In nature due to their euphoric action on dopamine which is further amplified through their secondary role as SRA’s. FYI Methamphetamine is a very weak SRA so you most likely see it called an [[NDRA]] (Norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent) over an [[SNDRA]].
 ===Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)===
-:NRIs are believed to increase the level of extracellular [[norepinephrine]], therefore allowing more of it to be in the brain. Controversy has been sparked over the effectiveness of reboxetine, an NRI sold as Trintellix. <ref>"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis." Multiple authors (2009) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea_Cipriani/publication/23967068_Comparative_efficacy_and_acceptability_of_12_new-generation_antidepressants_A_multiple-treatments_meta-analysis/links/00b7d5278b5bed4c17000000.pdf</ref> Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors can treat the tiredness commonly experienced with depression.
+:NRIs are believed to increase the level of extracellular [[norepinephrine]], therefore allowing more of it to be in the brain. Controversy has been sparked over the effectiveness of reboxetine, an NRI sold as Edronax. <ref>"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis." Multiple authors (2009) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea_Cipriani/publication/23967068_Comparative_efficacy_and_acceptability_of_12_new-generation_antidepressants_A_multiple-treatments_meta-analysis/links/00b7d5278b5bed4c17000000.pdf</ref> Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors can treat the tiredness commonly experienced with depression.
 ===Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)===
 :NDRIs are believed to increase the level of extracellular [[norepinephrine]] and [[dopamine]], therefore allowing more of these to be in the brain. Agents such as bupropion (Wellbutrin) have been found effective for MDD with little direct effect on serotonin, and therefore it can be hypothesized that other agents are effective for it. Bupropion and other NDRIs are also effective for depression with fatigue or sleepiness.
@@ Line 23: / Line 25: @@
 ==Experimental treatments==
-===[[Psilocybin mushrooms]] ("Magic mushrooms")===
+===[[Psilocybin mushrooms]]===
-Psilocybin and other classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]] have been researched as a treatment for depression and anxiety, as well as end of life depression and anxiety. Studies have shown that psilocybin is extremely effective in reducing overall depression and anxiety.
+Psilocybin and other classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]] have been researched as a treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. Studies have shown that psilocybin is highly effective in reducing overall depression and anxiety.{{citation needed}}
 ===[[Ketamine]]===
 In clinical studies, ketamine has proven to be an extremely effective and fast acting antidepressant at low doses (compared to common recreational doses).<ref>https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/strategic-planning-reports/highlights/highlight-ketamine-a-new-and-faster-path-to-treating-depression.shtml</ref> It has become increasingly common for doctors to prescribe ketamine for treatment-resistant depression, severe depression, and addiction.