Talk:Autonomous voice communication: Difference between revisions

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==Neurological Analysis==

~~===There are inconsistent results in the functional imaging studies of activation associated with auditory hallucinations===~~

~~"There have been several previous functional imaging studies of activation associated with auditory~~

~~hallucinations in schizophrenia and to date that have yielded inconsistent results reviewed in Ž Weiss and Heckers, 1999 .~~

These findings of temporal cortical activation during auditory hallucinations would support the theory that a receptive verbal auditory function underlies the experience of hallucination. Bilateral temporal activations are shown in response to presentation of verbal material in normal volunteers Price et al., 1996; Dhankar et al., Ž 1997; Binder et al., 1997 . In addition, activation . in the same temporal cortical area in response to both hallucination and presentation of verbal auditory stimulation has been shown Woodruff et Ž al., 1995; Dierks et al., 1999 , suggesting that hallucinations compete with exogenous sound for temporal cortex activation

We did not demonstrate activation in Broca’s area BA 44 and 45 in any subject. Therefore our Ž . findings offer no support to the theory that auditory hallucinations arise from abnormalities of inner speech McGuire et al., 1995"<ref name="Lennox2000">Lennox, B. R., Park, S. B. G., Medley, I., Morris, P. G., & Jones, P. B. (2000). The functional anatomy of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 100(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(00)00068-8</ref> '''{Note this has a small sample size}'''

===Increased blood flow in Broca’s area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia===

"The exclusively left-hemispheric location of the regions loading heavily on the first principal component suggests the involvement of language areas. The critical role of Broca’s area in this respect is well known, and PET studies have shown that the left temporal contribution to language functions is not restricted to Wernicke’s area, but extends to regions in the middle temporal gyrus21,22 and medial temporal lobe.23.24 The anterior cingulate cortex has also been activated in PET studies of language tasks, although this may reflect a role in the selection or initiation of movements (including speech), rather than a function specific to language itself.2s27 Since these areas are

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 ==Neurological Analysis==
-===There are inconsistent results in the functional imaging studies of activation associated with auditory hallucinations===
-"There have been several previous functional imaging studies of activation associated with auditory
-hallucinations in schizophrenia and to date that have yielded inconsistent results reviewed in Ž Weiss and Heckers, 1999 .
-These findings of temporal cortical activation during auditory hallucinations would support the theory that a receptive verbal auditory function underlies the experience of hallucination. Bilateral temporal activations are shown in response to presentation of verbal material in normal volunteers Price et al., 1996; Dhankar et al., Ž 1997; Binder et al., 1997 . In addition, activation . in the same temporal cortical area in response to both hallucination and presentation of verbal auditory stimulation has been shown Woodruff et Ž al., 1995; Dierks et al., 1999 , suggesting that hallucinations compete with exogenous sound for temporal cortex activation
-We did not demonstrate activation in Broca’s area BA 44 and 45 in any subject. Therefore our Ž . findings offer no support to the theory that auditory hallucinations arise from abnormalities of inner speech McGuire et al., 1995"<ref name="Lennox2000">Lennox, B. R., Park, S. B. G., Medley, I., Morris, P. G., & Jones, P. B. (2000). The functional anatomy of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 100(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(00)00068-8</ref> '''{Note this has a small sample size}'''
 ===Increased blood flow in Broca’s area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia===
 "The exclusively left-hemispheric location of the regions loading heavily on the first principal component suggests the involvement of language areas. The critical role of Broca’s area in this respect is well known, and PET studies have shown that the left temporal contribution to language functions is not restricted to Wernicke’s area, but extends to regions in the middle temporal gyrus21,22 and medial temporal lobe.23.24 The anterior cingulate cortex has also been activated in PET studies of language tasks, although this may reflect a role in the selection or initiation of movements (including speech), rather than a function specific to language itself.2s27 Since these areas are