Dextroamphetamine: Difference between revisions

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'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as ''Dexamphetamine, Dex, Dexies'', ~~and sold under~~ brand names ~~like~~ ''~~[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Adderall ~~Adderall]~~'', ''~~[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1636-9080/dextroamphetamine-sulfate-oral/dextroamphetamine-oral/details Dexedrine]~~'', ~~and~~ ''~~[https://zenzedi.com/ Zenzedi]~~'') is a ~~central nervous system~~ stimulant and the right-handed enantiomer of ~~amphetamine. It's more potent than its mirror twin,~~ [~~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoamphetamine levoamphetamine], especially in stimulating dopamine and~~ [~~[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine~~]] ~~activity in the brain~~.

'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as '''Dexamphetamine''', '''D-Amphetamine''', '''Dex''', '''Dexies''', or by brand names including '''Adderall''', '''Attentin''', '''Dexedrine''') is a [[stimulant]] substance and the right-handed [[enantiomer]] of [[amphetamine]].

[[~~Subjective effects~~]] ~~include~~ [[stimulation]], ~~increased focus,~~ [[~~Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancement]], [[Appetite suppression|appetite suppression]], [[wakefulness~~]], [[Thought acceleration|thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. At lower to moderate doses, it can promote productivity, alertness, and sociability. However, higher doses may induce restlessness, anxiety, compulsive redosing, and over-stimulation. It is ~~classified~~ as a ~~classical stimulant due to its ability to promote mental and physical arousal through increased catecholamine activity~~.

Dextroamphetamine is the more potent [[enantiomer]] of the two, but the effects are also slightly different in character. The small difference in affinity affects the mechanism resulting in a more mentally focused [[stimulation]] rather than physical, thus creating a [[stimulant]] that is more fit as a therapeutic drug rather than a recreational one. Therefore, the dextrorotatory enantiomer is preferred in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, whereas a [[racemic]] mixture like [[amphetamine]] is found when sold on the streets.

~~A notable property~~ of ~~dextroamphetamine is its high potential for abuse and rapid tolerance buildup. Repeated use over short periods can lead to diminished effects~~, ~~compulsive use patterns, and~~ a ~~pronounced comedown characterized by~~ [~~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue#Mental mental fatigue],~~ [~~[irritability~~]]~~, and~~ [[~~anhedonia~~]].

~~Recreational or street amphetamine~~ is ~~usually a racemic mix of both enantiomers, resulting in a broader and less focused effect profile compared to pure dextroamphetamine~~.

It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction practices|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

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*'''The Netherlands''': Dextroamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01</ref>

*'''South Korea''': Dextromphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>

*'''Sweden''': Dextroamphetamine is a List II controlled substance.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/lvfs-2011-10-konsoliderad2.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika]</ref> It can only be prescribed by doctors with specialist competence in child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, neurology or child and adolescent neurology with habilitation.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/hslf-fs-2017-74-konsoliderad.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (HSLF-FS 2017:74) om begränsningar av förordnande och utlämnande av vissa läkemedel]</ref>

*'''United Kingdom''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom, without any clarification about isomers.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2}}</ref>

*'''United States''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Schedule IIN controlled substance in the United States, citing several '''dextroamphetamine''' prescription drugs as examples.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/</ref>

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 {{SubstanceBox/Dextroamphetamine}}
-'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as ''Dexamphetamine, Dex, Dexies'', and sold under brand names like ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall Adderall]'', ''[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1636-9080/dextroamphetamine-sulfate-oral/dextroamphetamine-oral/details Dexedrine]'', and ''[https://zenzedi.com/ Zenzedi]'') is a central nervous system stimulant and the right-handed enantiomer of amphetamine. It's more potent than its mirror twin, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoamphetamine levoamphetamine], especially in stimulating dopamine and [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]] activity in the brain.
+'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as '''Dexamphetamine''', '''D-Amphetamine''', '''Dex''', '''Dexies''', or by brand names including '''Adderall''', '''Attentin''', '''Dexedrine''') is a [[stimulant]] substance and the right-handed [[enantiomer]] of [[amphetamine]].
-[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], increased focus, [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancement]], [[Appetite suppression|appetite suppression]], [[wakefulness]], [[Thought acceleration|thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. At lower to moderate doses, it can promote productivity, alertness, and sociability. However, higher doses may induce restlessness, anxiety, compulsive redosing, and over-stimulation. It is classified as a classical stimulant due to its ability to promote mental and physical arousal through increased catecholamine activity.
+Dextroamphetamine is the more potent [[enantiomer]] of the two, but the effects are also slightly different in character. The small difference in affinity affects the mechanism resulting in a more mentally focused [[stimulation]] rather than physical, thus creating a [[stimulant]] that is more fit as a therapeutic drug rather than a recreational one. Therefore, the dextrorotatory enantiomer is preferred in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, whereas a [[racemic]] mixture like [[amphetamine]] is found when sold on the streets.
-A notable property of dextroamphetamine is its high potential for abuse and rapid tolerance buildup. Repeated use over short periods can lead to diminished effects, compulsive use patterns, and a pronounced comedown characterized by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue#Mental mental fatigue], [[irritability]], and [[anhedonia]].
-Recreational or street amphetamine is usually a racemic mix of both enantiomers, resulting in a broader and less focused effect profile compared to pure dextroamphetamine.
 It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction practices|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
@@ Line 37: / Line 33: @@
 *'''The Netherlands''': Dextroamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01</ref>
 *'''South Korea''': Dextromphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>
+*'''Sweden''': Dextroamphetamine is a List II controlled substance.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/lvfs-2011-10-konsoliderad2.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika]</ref> It can only be prescribed by doctors with specialist competence in child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, neurology or child and adolescent neurology with habilitation.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/hslf-fs-2017-74-konsoliderad.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (HSLF-FS 2017:74) om begränsningar av förordnande och utlämnande av vissa läkemedel]</ref>
 *'''United Kingdom''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom, without any clarification about isomers.<ref>{{Citation  | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2}}</ref>
 *'''United States''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Schedule IIN controlled substance in the United States, citing several '''dextroamphetamine''' prescription drugs as examples.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/</ref>