Grayanotoxin: Difference between revisions

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==History and culture==

Grayanotoxins are an active constituent of a variety of plants with a history of medicinal and recreational use, including species of [[rhododendron]] and [[Monotropa uniflora|monotropa uniflora]] <ref>"Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe". ''Plants for a Future''. Retrieved 2022-08-13.</ref>. Most commonly, grayanotoxins are consumed in the form of mad honey, which is contaminated with grayanotoxins from bees that pollinate rhododendron flowers <ref name=":2">Ullah S, Khan SU, Saleh TA, Fahad S. Mad honey: uses, intoxicating/poisoning effects, diagnosis, and treatment. RSC Adv. 2018 May 22;8(33):18635-18646. doi: 10.1039/c8ra01924j. PMID: 35541133; PMCID: PMC9080652</ref>. Mad honey is reportedly used as an aphrodisiac, painkiller, treatment for hypertension, and as a recreational drug, particularly in Nepal and the Black Sea region of Turkey <ref name=":2" />. Historically, mad honey has been added to [[Alcohol|alcoholic drinks]] to increase their potency <ref>"Grayanotoxins". ''Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook''. US FDA. 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2015.</ref>.

The Gurung people of Nepal are especially known to harvest mad honey for its supposed hallucinogenic properties <ref>Shrestha TM, Nepal G, Shing YK, Shrestha L. Cardiovascular, psychiatric, and neurological phenomena seen in mad honey disease: A clinical case report. Clin Case Rep. 2018 Oct 22;6(12):2355-2357. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1889. PMID: 30564328; PMCID: PMC6293183.</ref>.

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|{{effects/physical|

~~You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].~~

*'''[[Effect::[[Sedation]]]]'''

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You may select visual effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Visual effects|here]].

====~~Enhancements~~====

====Suppressions====

*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity ~~effect1~~]]'''

*'''[[Effect::[[Visual acuity suppression]]]]'''

*'''[[Effect::[[Double vision]]]]''' <ref>Jansen SA, Kleerekooper I, Hofman ZL, Kappen IF, Stary-Weinzinger A, van der Heyden MA. Grayanotoxin poisoning: 'mad honey disease' and beyond. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2012 Sep;12(3):208-15. doi: 10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2. PMID: 22528814; PMCID: PMC3404272.</ref>

*'''[[Effect::[[Color depression]]]]''' <ref>Setareh-Shenas S, Kaplin S, Bania TC, Kornberg R. A Rare Case of Mad Honey Disease: A Reversible Cause of Complete Heart Block. JACC Case Rep. 2019 Nov 13;1(4):579-582. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.09.015. PMID: 34316883; PMCID: PMC8288791.</ref>

====Distortions====

*'''[[Effect::Visual ~~distortion effect1~~]]'''

*'''[[Effect::[[Drifting]]]]''' - This effect is qualitatively similar to that of other cholinergic substances, and is likely a result of the effects of grayanotoxins on sodium channels.

*'''[[Effect::[[Visual haze]]]]''' <ref>Roy, Saurav & Biswas, Soumya & Ghosh, Saikat & Roy, Pragyan. (2019). The Himalayan hallucinogenic honey and its future prospects and proposed uses. 10.13140/RG.2.2.29254.63041.</ref>

*'''[[Effect::[[Brightness alteration]]]]''' <ref>Setareh-Shenas S, Kaplin S, Bania TC, Kornberg R. A Rare Case of Mad Honey Disease: A Reversible Cause of Complete Heart Block. JACC Case Rep. 2019 Nov 13;1(4):579-582. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.09.015. PMID: 34316883; PMCID: PMC8288791.</ref> - Grayanotoxin may make colors appear darker.

~~====[[Effect::Geometry]]====~~

~~If applicable, a brief paragraph summary describing the visual geometry produced by the substance may be included here.~~

====Hallucinatory states====

~~If applicable, a brief summary of the substance's visual effects profile may be written here.~~

*'''[[Effect::~~Hallucinatory states1~~]]'''

*'''[[Effect::[[External hallucination]]]]''' - Deliriant-like hallucinations have been reported after high-dose ingestion of grayanotoxins, this is rarely reported and is unlikely to occur at common doses. <ref>Shrestha TM, Nepal G, Shing YK, Shrestha L. Cardiovascular, psychiatric, and neurological phenomena seen in mad honey disease: A clinical case report. Clin Case Rep. 2018 Oct 22;6(12):2355-2357. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1889. PMID: 30564328; PMCID: PMC6293183.</ref>

*'''[[Effect::[[Internal hallucination]]]]'''

}}

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==History and culture==
 {{historyStub}}
 Grayanotoxins are an active constituent of a variety of plants with a history of medicinal and recreational use, including species of [[rhododendron]] and [[Monotropa uniflora|monotropa uniflora]] <ref>"Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe". ''Plants for a Future''. Retrieved 2022-08-13.</ref>. Most commonly, grayanotoxins are consumed in the form of mad honey, which is contaminated with grayanotoxins from bees that pollinate rhododendron flowers <ref name=":2">Ullah S, Khan SU, Saleh TA, Fahad S. Mad honey: uses, intoxicating/poisoning effects, diagnosis, and treatment. RSC Adv. 2018 May 22;8(33):18635-18646. doi: 10.1039/c8ra01924j. PMID: 35541133; PMCID: PMC9080652</ref>. Mad honey is reportedly used as an aphrodisiac, painkiller, treatment for hypertension, and as a recreational drug, particularly in Nepal and the Black Sea region of Turkey <ref name=":2" />. Historically, mad honey has been added to [[Alcohol|alcoholic drinks]] to increase their potency <ref>"Grayanotoxins". ''Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook''. US FDA. 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2015.</ref>.
+The Gurung people of Nepal are especially known to harvest mad honey for its supposed hallucinogenic properties <ref>Shrestha TM, Nepal G, Shing YK, Shrestha L. Cardiovascular, psychiatric, and neurological phenomena seen in mad honey disease: A clinical case report. Clin Case Rep. 2018 Oct 22;6(12):2355-2357. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1889. PMID: 30564328; PMCID: PMC6293183.</ref>.
@@ Line 29: / Line 31: @@
 |{{effects/physical|
-You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].
 *'''[[Effect::[[Sedation]]]]'''
@@ Line 55: / Line 56: @@
 You may select visual effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Visual effects|here]].
-====Enhancements====
+====Suppressions====
-*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity effect1]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::[[Visual acuity suppression]]]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::[[Double vision]]]]''' <ref>Jansen SA, Kleerekooper I, Hofman ZL, Kappen IF, Stary-Weinzinger A, van der Heyden MA. Grayanotoxin poisoning: 'mad honey disease' and beyond. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2012 Sep;12(3):208-15. doi: 10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2. PMID: 22528814; PMCID: PMC3404272.</ref>
+*'''[[Effect::[[Color depression]]]]''' <ref>Setareh-Shenas S, Kaplin S, Bania TC, Kornberg R. A Rare Case of Mad Honey Disease: A Reversible Cause of Complete Heart Block. JACC Case Rep. 2019 Nov 13;1(4):579-582. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.09.015. PMID: 34316883; PMCID: PMC8288791.</ref>
 ====Distortions====
-*'''[[Effect::Visual distortion effect1]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::[[Drifting]]]]''' - This effect is qualitatively similar to that of other cholinergic substances, and is likely a result of the effects of grayanotoxins on sodium channels.
+*'''[[Effect::[[Visual haze]]]]''' <ref>Roy, Saurav & Biswas, Soumya & Ghosh, Saikat & Roy, Pragyan. (2019). The Himalayan hallucinogenic honey and its future prospects and proposed uses. 10.13140/RG.2.2.29254.63041.</ref>
+*'''[[Effect::[[Brightness alteration]]]]''' <ref>Setareh-Shenas S, Kaplin S, Bania TC, Kornberg R. A Rare Case of Mad Honey Disease: A Reversible Cause of Complete Heart Block. JACC Case Rep. 2019 Nov 13;1(4):579-582. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.09.015. PMID: 34316883; PMCID: PMC8288791.</ref> - Grayanotoxin may make colors appear darker.
-====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
-If applicable, a brief paragraph summary describing the visual geometry produced by the substance may be included here.
 ====Hallucinatory states====
-If applicable, a brief summary of the substance's visual effects profile may be written here.
-*'''[[Effect::Hallucinatory states1]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::[[External hallucination]]]]''' - Deliriant-like hallucinations have been reported after high-dose ingestion of grayanotoxins, this is rarely reported and is unlikely to occur at common doses. <ref>Shrestha TM, Nepal G, Shing YK, Shrestha L. Cardiovascular, psychiatric, and neurological phenomena seen in mad honey disease: A clinical case report. Clin Case Rep. 2018 Oct 22;6(12):2355-2357. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1889. PMID: 30564328; PMCID: PMC6293183.</ref>
+*'''[[Effect::[[Internal hallucination]]]]'''
 }}