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STS-135: Difference between revisions
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Although this substance has not been formally studied, from analysis of the structure, it is presumed that STS-135 has a similar binding profile to that of other [[cannabinoids]] and matches many of the in vivo properties of [[Δ9-THC]]. | Although this substance has not been formally studied, from analysis of the structure, it is presumed that STS-135 has a similar binding profile to that of other [[cannabinoids]] and matches many of the in vivo properties of [[Δ9-THC]]. | ||
Formal studies have demonstrated that STS-135 acts a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist in vitro with an EC50 of 51 nM for human CB2 receptors and 13 nM for human CB1 receptors.<ref name="Banister2015">Effects of Bioisosteric Fluorine in Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135 | | Formal studies have demonstrated that STS-135 acts a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist in vitro with an EC50 of 51 nM for human CB2 receptors and 13 nM for human CB1 receptors.<ref name="Banister2015">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Banister, S. D.)), ((Stuart, J.)), ((Kevin, R. C.)), ((Edington, A.)), ((Longworth, M.)), ((Wilkinson, S. M.)), ((Beinat, C.)), ((Buchanan, A. S.)), ((Hibbs, D. E.)), ((Glass, M.)), ((Connor, M.)), ((McGregor, I. S.)), ((Kassiou, M.)) | journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience | title=Effects of Bioisosteric Fluorine in Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135 | volume=6 | issue=8 | pages=1445–1458 | date=19 August 2015 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107 | issn=1948-7193 | doi=10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107}}</ref> STS-135 produces bradycardia and hypothermia in rats at doses of 1-10 mg/kg, suggesting cannabinoid-like activity.<ref name="Banister2015"></ref> However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the cannabinoid high experience continues to remain elusive. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - The "body high" of STS-135 can be described as a sharp, uncomfortable, all-encompassing, electric tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - The "body high" of STS-135 can be described as a sharp, uncomfortable, all-encompassing, electric tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | *'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, STS-135 causes an increase in appetite<ref>Mechoulam, R. | *'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, STS-135 causes an increase in appetite<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref name="HMW">http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm}}</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref name="HMW"></ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref> | *'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Martín-Sánchez, E.)), ((Furukawa, T. A.)), ((Taylor, J.)), ((Martin, J. L. R.)) | journal=Pain Medicine | title=Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Treatment for Chronic Pain | volume=10 | issue=8 | pages=1353–1368 | date= November 2009 | url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x | issn=1526-2375 | doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lynch, M. E.)), ((Campbell, F.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials: Cannabinoids for pain | volume=72 | issue=5 | pages=735–744 | date= November 2011 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of bodily lightness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of bodily lightness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::analysis suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::analysis suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004">Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | *'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Arseneault, L.)), ((Cannon, M.)), ((Witton, J.)), ((Murray, R. M.)) | journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry | title=Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | volume=184 | issue=2 | pages=110–117 | date= February 2004 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/causal-association-between-cannabis-and-psychosis-examination-of-the-evidence/71BA37D16485F186CE7B6B785E5B69A4 | issn=0007-1250 | doi=10.1192/bjp.184.2.110}}</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Every-Palmer, S.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence | title=Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study | volume=117 | issue=2–3 | pages=152–157 | date= September 2011 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871611000639 | issn=03768716 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012}}</ref><ref name="Schneir2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schneir, A. B.)), ((Cullen, J.)), ((Ly, B. T.)) | journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=296–299 | date=1 March 2011 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802 | issn=0736-4679 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.10.014}}</ref><ref name="Vearrier2010">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Vearrier, D.)), ((Osterhoudt, K. C.)) | journal=Pediatric Emergency Care | title=A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed | volume=26 | issue=6 | pages=462–465 | date= June 2010 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00006565-201006000-00016 | issn=0749-5161 | doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | ||
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*'''China''': As of October 2015, STS-135 is a controlled substance in China.<ref>关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref> | *'''China''': As of October 2015, STS-135 is a controlled substance in China.<ref>关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref> | ||
*'''Germany''': STS-135 is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 30, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl114s1999.pdf|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2014 Teil I Nr. 57|publication-date=December 12, 2014|pages=1999-2002|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Germany''': STS-135 is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 30, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl114s1999.pdf|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2014 Teil I Nr. 57|publication-date=December 12, 2014|pages=1999-2002|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Latvia''': STS-135 is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | *'''Latvia''': STS-135 is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': STS-135 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': STS-135 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': STS-135 is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 | *'''United Kingdom''': STS-135 is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||