Antihistamine: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Histamine.svg|200px|thumbnail|The chemical structure of histamine]]

'''Antihistamines''' are a class of substances that inhibit the action of [[histamine]]. Antihistamines are commonly used to relieve allergies and to [[sedation|promote sleep]].<ref>Sicherer, ~~Scott~~ H. ~~M.D.,~~ Understanding and ~~Managing Your Child's Food Allergy. Baltimore: The~~ Johns Hopkins University Press~~, 2006 ISBN 0-8018-8492-6.~~</ref> Recreationally, very high doses can be used to induce [[delirium]] and achieve a [[hallucinogenic]] effect in which the user sees and hears fully-formed, extremely convincing hallucinations. However, this experience is typically considered highly unpleasant by most users.

'''Antihistamines''' are a class of substances that inhibit the action of [[histamine]]. Antihistamines are commonly used to relieve allergies and to [[sedation|promote sleep]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sicherer, S. H.)) | date= 2006 | title=Understanding and managing your child’s food allergies | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | series=A Johns Hopkins Press health book | isbn=9780801884917}}

</ref> Recreationally, very high doses can be used to induce [[delirium]] and achieve a [[hallucinogenic]] effect in which the user sees and hears fully-formed, extremely convincing hallucinations. However, this experience is typically considered highly unpleasant by most users.

H1 antihistamines are classified as first- and second-generation compounds. First-generation compounds cross the [[blood–brain barrier]] (BBB) causing sedation and they commonly cause antimuscarinic anticholinergic effects such as [[delirium]], dry mouth and dysfunctional urine voiding. Second-generation compounds cross the BBB to a minimal degree and are less sedating and do not cause delirium.<ref name="H1-antihistamines">Histamine and H1-antihistamines: Celebrating a century of progress | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674911014084</ref>

H1 antihistamines are classified as first- and second-generation compounds. First-generation compounds cross the [[blood–brain barrier]] (BBB) causing sedation and they commonly cause antimuscarinic anticholinergic effects such as [[delirium]], dry mouth and dysfunctional urine voiding. Second-generation compounds cross the BBB to a minimal degree and are less sedating and do not cause delirium.<ref name="H1-antihistamines">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Simons, F. E. R.)), ((Simons, K. J.)) | journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | title=Histamine and H1-antihistamines: Celebrating a century of progress | volume=128 | issue=6 | pages=1139-1150.e4 | date=1 December 2011 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674911014084 | issn=0091-6749 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005}}</ref>

The toxicity of recreational antihistamine use is poorly understood, although there is some evidence that abuse may cause cognitive deficits and other health issues.<ref>Gray, S. L., Anderson, M. L., Dublin, S., Hanlon, J. T., Hubbard, R., Walker, R., ... & Larson, E. B. ~~(2015~~). Cumulative ~~use~~ of ~~strong anticholinergics~~ and ~~incident dementia~~: ~~a prospective cohort study. JAMA internal medicine,~~ 175(3), 401-~~407.~~ doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663</ref>

The toxicity of recreational antihistamine use is poorly understood, although there is some evidence that abuse may cause cognitive deficits and other health issues.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gray, S. L.)), ((Anderson, M. L.)), ((Dublin, S.)), ((Hanlon, J. T.)), ((Hubbard, R.)), ((Walker, R.)), ((Yu, O.)), ((Crane, P. K.)), ((Larson, E. B.)) | journal=JAMA Internal Medicine | title=Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study | volume=175 | issue=3 | pages=401 | date=1 March 2015 | url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663 | issn=2168-6106 | doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663}}</ref>

==Pharmacology==

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 [[File:Histamine.svg|200px|thumbnail|The chemical structure of histamine]]
-'''Antihistamines''' are a class of substances that inhibit the action of [[histamine]]. Antihistamines are commonly used to relieve allergies and to [[sedation|promote sleep]].<ref>Sicherer, Scott H. M.D., Understanding and Managing Your Child's Food Allergy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-8018-8492-6.</ref> Recreationally, very high doses can be used to induce [[delirium]] and achieve a [[hallucinogenic]] effect in which the user sees and hears fully-formed, extremely convincing hallucinations. However, this experience is typically considered highly unpleasant by most users.
+'''Antihistamines''' are a class of substances that inhibit the action of [[histamine]]. Antihistamines are commonly used to relieve allergies and to [[sedation|promote sleep]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sicherer, S. H.)) | date= 2006 | title=Understanding and managing your child’s food allergies | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | series=A Johns Hopkins Press health book | isbn=9780801884917}}
+</ref> Recreationally, very high doses can be used to induce [[delirium]] and achieve a [[hallucinogenic]] effect in which the user sees and hears fully-formed, extremely convincing hallucinations. However, this experience is typically considered highly unpleasant by most users.
-H1 antihistamines are classified as first- and second-generation compounds. First-generation compounds cross the [[blood–brain barrier]] (BBB) causing sedation and they commonly cause antimuscarinic anticholinergic effects such as [[delirium]], dry mouth and dysfunctional urine voiding. Second-generation compounds cross the BBB to a minimal degree and are less sedating and do not cause delirium.<ref name="H1-antihistamines">Histamine and H1-antihistamines: Celebrating a century of progress | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674911014084</ref>
+H1 antihistamines are classified as first- and second-generation compounds. First-generation compounds cross the [[blood–brain barrier]] (BBB) causing sedation and they commonly cause antimuscarinic anticholinergic effects such as [[delirium]], dry mouth and dysfunctional urine voiding. Second-generation compounds cross the BBB to a minimal degree and are less sedating and do not cause delirium.<ref name="H1-antihistamines">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Simons, F. E. R.)), ((Simons, K. J.)) | journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | title=Histamine and H1-antihistamines: Celebrating a century of progress | volume=128 | issue=6 | pages=1139-1150.e4 | date=1 December 2011 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674911014084 | issn=0091-6749 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005}}</ref>
-The toxicity of recreational antihistamine use is poorly understood, although there is some evidence that abuse may cause cognitive deficits and other health issues.<ref>Gray, S. L., Anderson, M. L., Dublin, S., Hanlon, J. T., Hubbard, R., Walker, R., ... & Larson, E. B. (2015). Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study. JAMA internal medicine, 175(3), 401-407. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663</ref>
+The toxicity of recreational antihistamine use is poorly understood, although there is some evidence that abuse may cause cognitive deficits and other health issues.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gray, S. L.)), ((Anderson, M. L.)), ((Dublin, S.)), ((Hanlon, J. T.)), ((Hubbard, R.)), ((Walker, R.)), ((Yu, O.)), ((Crane, P. K.)), ((Larson, E. B.)) | journal=JAMA Internal Medicine | title=Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study | volume=175 | issue=3 | pages=401 | date=1 March 2015 | url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663 | issn=2168-6106 | doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663}}</ref>
 ==Pharmacology==