This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-08T03:33:20Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Anadenanthera peregrina: Difference between revisions
>Tool m Grammatics |
>Graham wiki ref formatting |
||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>Pagán-Jiménez, J., | Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pagán-Jiménez, J. R.)), ((Carlson, L. A.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=101–116 | date= March 2014 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500007896/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101}}</ref> | ||
Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.{{citation needed}} | Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.{{citation needed}} | ||
Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.{{citation needed}} Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref> | Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.{{citation needed}} Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref> | ||
New item… | |||
{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogalde, J. P.)), ((Arriaza, B. T.)), ((Soto, E. C.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.) | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=441–450 | date= December 2010 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500003114/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441}}</ref> | |||
Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.{{citation needed}} | Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.{{citation needed}} | ||
| Line 21: | Line 23: | ||
===Oral use=== | ===Oral use=== | ||
When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize beer). Moderate doses are reported to be unpleasant, producing [[nausea]] and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in ''bilca tauri'', an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.<ref name="Torres"> Torres, | When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize beer). Moderate doses are reported to be unpleasant, producing [[nausea]] and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in ''bilca tauri'', an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.<ref name="Torres">{{cite book | vauthors=((Torres, C. M.)), ((Repke, D. B.)) | date= 2006 | title=Anadenanthera: visionary plant of ancient South America | publisher=Haworth Herbal Press | isbn=9780789026415}}</ref> Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous. | ||
===Use with [[MAOIs]]=== | ===Use with [[MAOIs]]=== | ||
| Line 28: | Line 30: | ||
==Psychoactive components== | ==Psychoactive components== | ||
===Bufotenin=== | ===Bufotenin=== | ||
The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref name="Ott"> | The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref name="Ott">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ott, J.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Pharmañopo—Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine | volume=33 | issue=3 | pages=273–281 | date= September 2001 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574}}</ref> At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] bufotenin<ref name="Ott" /> requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans. | ||
===[[DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]]=== | ===[[DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]]=== | ||
The effects of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively short acting. The experience lasts about 10 minutes but can take an hour to get back to baseline, while the effects of [[Routes of administration|oral]] use yopo typically last 2–3 hours. Of the three main compounds present, only [[Routes of administration|oral]] use [[bufotenin]] lasts 2–3 hours. The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT.<ref name="Ott" /> This suggests that they play only a minor role (if any) in the experience, as psychoactive levels of either substance would require an impractical amount of beans to be used. | The effects of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively short acting. The experience lasts about 10 minutes but can take an hour to get back to baseline, while the effects of [[Routes of administration|oral]] use yopo typically last 2–3 hours. Of the three main compounds present, only [[Routes of administration|oral]] use [[bufotenin]] lasts 2–3 hours. The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT.<ref name="Ott" /> This suggests that they play only a minor role (if any) in the experience, as psychoactive levels of either substance would require an impractical amount of beans to be used. | ||
| Line 37: | Line 39: | ||
*'''Australia''': | *'''Australia''': | ||
Prohibited to import any plant or plant products (including seeds) of Piptadenia peregrine (syn. Anadenanthera peregrina) by customs, effective 21 AUG 2021. | Prohibited to import any plant or plant products (including seeds) of Piptadenia peregrine (syn. Anadenanthera peregrina) by customs, effective 21 AUG 2021. | ||
Located in the category of Part 3-Dangers to the community -> Division 1—Serious drugs and precursors -> Controlled plants. Criminal Code Regulations 2019 (made under Criminal Code Act 1995). <ref>Criminal Code Regulations 2019 | https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020C00785</ref> | Located in the category of Part 3-Dangers to the community -> Division 1—Serious drugs and precursors -> Controlled plants. Criminal Code Regulations 2019 (made under Criminal Code Act 1995). <ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Affairs, A. H.)) | title=Criminal Code Regulations 2019 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020C00785}}</ref> | ||
Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi <ref>Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi | https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00319</ref> | Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi <ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Care, H. and A.)) | title=Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00319/}}</ref> | ||