This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-08T03:33:20Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Peganum harmala: Difference between revisions
>Jacubensy Nothing that I have found indicates that harmalas are MAOIs. All recent literature says they are infact RIMAs, and the rest of the paragraph would seem to agree with that. Changing this from "MAOI" to "RIMA" makes the whole paragraph sit in agreement, and I believe is more accurate. |
>Graham wiki ref formatting |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{BotanyBox/Peganum harmala}} | {{BotanyBox/Peganum harmala}} | ||
'''''Peganum harmala''''', commonly called '''Syrian rue''', '''harmel''', '''espand''', '''esfand''', '''wild rue''', '''African rue''', or '''aspand''', is a plant native to the eastern Iranian region west to India. It has also spread invasively throughout Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Washington.<ref>https://plants.usda.gov/ | '''''Peganum harmala''''', commonly called '''Syrian rue''', '''harmel''', '''espand''', '''esfand''', '''wild rue''', '''African rue''', or '''aspand''', is a plant native to the eastern Iranian region west to India. It has also spread invasively throughout Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Washington.<ref>{{Citation | title=USDA Plants Database | url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PEHA}}</ref> The plant itself produces seeds which contain harmala alkaloids and is easily accessible and legal to purchase online. | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
Powdered syrian rue seeds act as a RIMA at doses of 2-5g. | Powdered syrian rue seeds act as a RIMA at doses of 2-5g. | ||
Syrian rue seeds contain several different harmala alkaloids at slightly varying percentages. Only some are monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. In one study, total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight.<ref>http://www.phcogrev.com/article | Syrian rue seeds contain several different harmala alkaloids at slightly varying percentages. Only some are monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. In one study, total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Moloudizargari, M.)), ((Mikaili, P.)), ((Aghajanshakeri, S.)), ((Asghari, M.)), ((Shayegh, J.)) | journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews | title=Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloids | volume=7 | issue=14 | pages=199 | date= 2013 | url=http://www.phcogrev.com/article/2013/7/14/1041030973-7847120524 | issn=0973-7847 | doi=10.4103/0973-7847.120524}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Yuruktumen, A.)), ((Karaduman, S.)), ((Bengi, F.)), ((Fowler, J.)) | journal=Clinical Toxicology | title=Syrian rue tea: A recipe for disaster | volume=46 | issue=8 | pages=749–752 | date=1 January 2008 | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650701323205 | issn=1556-3650 | doi=10.1080/15563650701323205}}</ref><ref name="partial" /> Seed extracts were potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-A but poor inhibitors of MAO-B.<ref name="new1" /> | ||
Total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight, in one study.<ref name="partial" /> | Total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight, in one study.<ref name="partial" /> | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
[[Cholinergic]] substances combined with ''Peganum harmala'' can cause a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_crisis cholinergic crisis] because the plant contains several acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs): | [[Cholinergic]] substances combined with ''Peganum harmala'' can cause a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_crisis cholinergic crisis] because the plant contains several acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs): | ||
*Desoxypeganine<ref>Studies in Natural Products Chemistry | *Desoxypeganine<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Kubo, M.)), ((Esumi, T.)), ((Imagawa, H.)), ((Fukuyama, Y.)) | date= 2014 | chapter=Studies in Natural Products Chemistry | title=Chemical Diversity of Vibsane-Type Diterpenoids and Neurotrophic Activity and Synthesis of Neovibsanin | publisher=Elsevier | volume=43 | pages=41–78 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780444634306000023 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63430-6.00002-3 | isbn=9780444634306}}</ref> | ||
*Harmaline<ref name="Pubmed-19784581"> | *Harmaline<ref name="Pubmed-19784581">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Zheng, X.)), ((Zhang, Z.)), ((Chou, G.)), ((Wu, T.)), ((Cheng, X.)), ((Wang, C.)), ((Wang, Z.)) | journal=Archives of Pharmacal Research | title=Acetylcholinesterase inhibitive activity-guided isolation of two new alkaloids from seeds of Peganum nigellastrum Bunge by an in vitro TLC- bioautographic assay | volume=32 | issue=9 | pages=1245–1251 | date= September 2009 | issn=0253-6269 | doi=10.1007/s12272-009-1910-x}}</ref> | ||
*Harmine<ref name="Pubmed-19784581" /> | *Harmine<ref name="Pubmed-19784581" /> | ||
*Harmol<ref name="Pubmed-19784581" /> | *Harmol<ref name="Pubmed-19784581" /> | ||
*Vasicine (possible)<ref>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122366</ref> | *Vasicine (possible)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Liu, W.)), ((Shi, X.)), ((Yang, Y.)), ((Cheng, X.)), ((Liu, Q.)), ((Han, H.)), ((Yang, B.)), ((He, C.)), ((Wang, Y.)), ((Jiang, B.)), ((Wang, Z.)), ((Wang, C.)) | journal=PLOS ONE | title=In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolism and Inhibitory Activities of Vasicine, a Potent Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitor | volume=10 | issue=4 | pages=e0122366 | date=7 April 2015 | url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122366 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122366}}</ref> | ||
====Drug use in pregnancy==== | ====Drug use in pregnancy==== | ||
''Peganum harmala'' can induce miscarriage. It has traditionally been used as an abortifacient agent in Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East.<ref>https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criem/2014/783236/</ref> It is believed that quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine and vasicinone are responsible for the abortifacient activity of the plant.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/zygophyllaceae</ref> | ''Peganum harmala'' can induce miscarriage. It has traditionally been used as an abortifacient agent in Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Berdai, M. A.)), ((Labib, S.)), ((Harandou, M.)) | journal=Case Reports in Emergency Medicine | title=Peganum harmala L. Intoxication in a Pregnant Woman | volume=2014 | pages=e783236 | date=14 May 2014 | url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criem/2014/783236/ | issn=2090-648X | doi=10.1155/2014/783236}}</ref> It is believed that quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine and vasicinone are responsible for the abortifacient activity of the plant.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zygophyllaceae - an overview, ScienceDirect Topics | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/zygophyllaceae}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||