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Substance withdrawal: Difference between revisions
>MeyveliPasta m Linked Loperamide |
>Clandestine m →Treatment: Evidence to support DXM's opioid actions at *non-lethal* doses is questionable. |
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===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
* '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | |||
* '''[[Opioid replacement therapy]]''' (ORT) - [[Methadone]] and [[buprenorphine]] (Suboxone) are longer acting but less recreational opioids that are often used to relieve opioid cravings, suppress withdrawal symptoms, and block the euphoric effects associated with opioids. However, [[methadone]] has severe withdrawal symptoms lasting multiple weeks, so this should be considered when choosing a method of treatment. When using replacement substances, it is highly recommended to [[tapering|gradually lower one's intake]] at the recommendation of a physician instead of abruptly stopping. | *'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | ||
* '''Over-the-counter painkillers''' - OTC painkillers such as '''naproxen''', '''aspirin''', '''acetaminophen''', or '''ibuprofen''' can reduce withdrawal symptoms and lessen pain. | *'''[[Opioid replacement therapy]]''' (ORT) - [[Methadone]] and [[buprenorphine]] (Suboxone) are longer acting but less recreational opioids that are often used to relieve opioid cravings, suppress withdrawal symptoms, and block the euphoric effects associated with opioids. However, [[methadone]] has severe withdrawal symptoms lasting multiple weeks, so this should be considered when choosing a method of treatment. When using replacement substances, it is highly recommended to [[tapering|gradually lower one's intake]] at the recommendation of a physician instead of abruptly stopping. | ||
* '''Weak opioids ([[kratom]],''' '''[[codeine]],''' or '''[[tianeptine]])''' - Switching to a weaker opioid can lessen the perceived symptoms, but is likely to also prolong the period of withdrawal and could potentially lead to addiction. | *'''Over-the-counter painkillers''' - OTC painkillers such as '''naproxen''', '''aspirin''', '''acetaminophen''', or '''ibuprofen''' can reduce withdrawal symptoms and lessen pain. | ||
* '''[[Gabapentin]]''' or '''[[pregabalin]]''' - Both of these prescription medicines can prevent or lessen [[restless legs syndrome]]. | *'''Weak opioids ([[kratom]],''' '''[[codeine]],''' or '''[[tianeptine]])''' - Switching to a weaker opioid can lessen the perceived symptoms, but is likely to also prolong the period of withdrawal and could potentially lead to addiction. | ||
* '''[[Clonidine]]''' - Clonidine is a prescription alpha-2 [[epinephrine |adrenal]] [[agonist]] that is often prescribed to help alleviate some of the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. | *'''[[Gabapentin]]''' or '''[[pregabalin]]''' - Both of these prescription medicines can prevent or lessen [[restless legs syndrome]]. | ||
* '''[[Loperamide]]''' - Loperamide (Immodium) is an over-the-counter medicine used to treat diarrhea. It acts on the opioid receptors in the intestines and has no appreciable effect on the central nervous system. Therapeutic doses may help relieve some gastrointestinal issues stemming from opioid withdrawal. | *'''[[Clonidine]]''' - Clonidine is a prescription alpha-2 [[epinephrine |adrenal]] [[agonist]] that is often prescribed to help alleviate some of the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. | ||
* '''[[Dextromethorphan]]''' (DXM) - [[Dextromethorphan|DXM]] may help with opioid withdrawal. This may be because [[Dextromethorphan|DXM]] is a mild opioid agonist. | *'''[[Loperamide]]''' - Loperamide (Immodium) is an over-the-counter medicine used to treat diarrhea. It acts on the opioid receptors in the intestines and has no appreciable effect on the central nervous system. Therapeutic doses may help relieve some gastrointestinal issues stemming from opioid withdrawal. | ||
* '''[[Diphenhydramine]]''' (DPH) - Some users report that DPH can mildly reduce withdrawals and assist with sleep. | *'''[[Dextromethorphan]]''' (DXM) - [[Dextromethorphan|DXM]] may help with opioid withdrawal. This may be because [[Dextromethorphan|DXM]] is a mild opioid agonist.{{citation needed}} | ||
* '''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - As benzodiazepines have a high risk of addiction, one should be careful not to become physically dependent on them. They can aid in sleep and muscle cramps for withdrawal but should be used sparingly. | *'''[[Diphenhydramine]]''' (DPH) - Some users report that DPH can mildly reduce withdrawals and assist with sleep. | ||
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - As benzodiazepines have a high risk of addiction, one should be careful not to become physically dependent on them. They can aid in sleep and muscle cramps for withdrawal but should be used sparingly. | |||
==Alcohol withdrawal== | ==Alcohol withdrawal== | ||
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Alcohol abuse withdrawal symptoms include: | Alcohol abuse withdrawal symptoms include: | ||
* '''[[Anxiety]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | |||
* '''[[Fever]]''' | *'''[[Anxiety]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Tremors]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[Fever]]''' | ||
* '''[[Seizures]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> - In severe cases, this can result in death. Seizures typically occur within 48 hours of the abrupt discontinuation of alcohol and occur either as a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure or as a brief episode of multiple seizures.<ref>Manasco, A; Chang, S; Larriviere, J; Hamm, LL; Glass, M (November 2012). "Alcohol withdrawal.". Southern Medical Journal. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23128805</ref> | *'''[[Tremors]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[External hallucinations]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[Seizures]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> - In severe cases, this can result in death. Seizures typically occur within 48 hours of the abrupt discontinuation of alcohol and occur either as a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure or as a brief episode of multiple seizures.<ref>Manasco, A; Chang, S; Larriviere, J; Hamm, LL; Glass, M (November 2012). "Alcohol withdrawal.". Southern Medical Journal. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23128805</ref> | ||
* '''[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[External hallucinations]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Tactile hallucinations]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Increased heart rate]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[Tactile hallucinations]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Irritability]]''' | *'''[[Increased heart rate]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Delirium tremens]]''' - This is the rapid onset of [[delirium]], [[confusion]], hallucinations, and other [[Delirium tremens#Subjective effects|symptoms]] associated with [[alcohol]] [[withdrawal]] caused by the abrupt discontinuation in long-term/heavy users. Delirium tremens are a cluster of symptoms, which can be potentially fatal. Delirium tremens usually occur three days after discontinuation and can last up to three days. It is reported that they are characteristically worse at night. '''Anyone thought to be suffering from the condition requires ''immediate medical intervention'' due to the risk of death, with the mortality without treatment being between 15% and 40%.'''<ref>Blom, Jan Dirk (2010). A dictionary of hallucinations (. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 136. ISBN 9781441912237. | https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> | *'''[[Irritability]]''' | ||
* '''[[Increased blood pressure]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[Delirium tremens]]''' - This is the rapid onset of [[delirium]], [[confusion]], hallucinations, and other [[Delirium tremens#Subjective effects|symptoms]] associated with [[alcohol]] [[withdrawal]] caused by the abrupt discontinuation in long-term/heavy users. Delirium tremens are a cluster of symptoms, which can be potentially fatal. Delirium tremens usually occur three days after discontinuation and can last up to three days. It is reported that they are characteristically worse at night. '''Anyone thought to be suffering from the condition requires ''immediate medical intervention'' due to the risk of death, with the mortality without treatment being between 15% and 40%.'''<ref>Blom, Jan Dirk (2010). A dictionary of hallucinations (. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 136. ISBN 9781441912237. | https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> | ||
* '''[[Dream potentiation]]''' - For many individuals this can often lead to particularly unsettling, scary and abnormally vivid dreams or nightmares. | *'''[[Increased blood pressure]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Cognitive fatigue]]''' | *'''[[Dream potentiation]]''' - For many individuals this can often lead to particularly unsettling, scary and abnormally vivid dreams or nightmares. | ||
* '''[[Physical fatigue]]''' | *'''[[Cognitive fatigue]]''' | ||
* '''[[Headaches]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[Physical fatigue]]''' | ||
* '''[[Shaking]]''' | *'''[[Headaches]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Increased perspiration]]''' | *'''[[Shaking]]''' | ||
* '''[[Nausea]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | *'''[[Increased perspiration]]''' | ||
* '''[[Wernicke syndrome]]''' - This is condition characterized by extreme confusion, an abnormal gait, and the paralysis of muscles in the eye. This condition occurs only in severe alcohol withdrawal cases. Wernicke syndrome can progress into irreversible dementia so anyone suspected of this should seek immediate medical attention and be treated with 100mg of thiamine daily while withdrawling.<ref name="mag">Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal | https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/38-43.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Nausea]]'''<ref name="emergency"></ref> | ||
*'''[[Wernicke syndrome]]''' - This is condition characterized by extreme confusion, an abnormal gait, and the paralysis of muscles in the eye. This condition occurs only in severe alcohol withdrawal cases. Wernicke syndrome can progress into irreversible dementia so anyone suspected of this should seek immediate medical attention and be treated with 100mg of thiamine daily while withdrawling.<ref name="mag">Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal | https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/38-43.pdf</ref> | |||
===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
* '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining alcohol should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | |||
* '''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Benzodiazepines (such as [[diazepam]], [[lorazepam]], [[chlordiazepoxide]], and [[oxazepam]]) are the most common treatment for alcohol withdrawal.<ref>Stern, TA; Gross, AF; Stern, TW; Nejad, SH; Maldonado, JR (2010). "Current approaches to the recognition and treatment of alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: "old wine in new bottles" or "new wine in old bottles".". Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry. 12 (3). doi:10.4088/PCC.10r00991ecr. PMID 20944765. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944765</ref> However, benzodiazepines have a [[Benzodiazepine#Tolerance and addiction potential|high risk of addiction]], so one should be careful not to become physically dependent on them. | *'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining alcohol should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | ||
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Benzodiazepines (such as [[diazepam]], [[lorazepam]], [[chlordiazepoxide]], and [[oxazepam]]) are the most common treatment for alcohol withdrawal.<ref>Stern, TA; Gross, AF; Stern, TW; Nejad, SH; Maldonado, JR (2010). "Current approaches to the recognition and treatment of alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: "old wine in new bottles" or "new wine in old bottles".". Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry. 12 (3). doi:10.4088/PCC.10r00991ecr. PMID 20944765. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944765</ref> However, benzodiazepines have a [[Benzodiazepine#Tolerance and addiction potential|high risk of addiction]], so one should be careful not to become physically dependent on them. | |||
*'''Vitamins''' such as '''thiamine'''<ref name="one">Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427113</ref>, '''folic acid''', and '''pyridoxine''' - These vitamins are often recommended because those dependent on alcohol are often deficient in nutrients; in very severe cases, this can result in [[Wernicke syndrome]], which is a condition characterized by extreme [[confusion]], an abnormal gait, and the paralysis of muscles in the eye. Wernicke syndrome can progress into irreversible dementia so anyone suspected of this should seek immediate medical attention and be treated with 100mg of thiamine daily while withdrawling. | *'''Vitamins''' such as '''thiamine'''<ref name="one">Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427113</ref>, '''folic acid''', and '''pyridoxine''' - These vitamins are often recommended because those dependent on alcohol are often deficient in nutrients; in very severe cases, this can result in [[Wernicke syndrome]], which is a condition characterized by extreme [[confusion]], an abnormal gait, and the paralysis of muscles in the eye. Wernicke syndrome can progress into irreversible dementia so anyone suspected of this should seek immediate medical attention and be treated with 100mg of thiamine daily while withdrawling. | ||
* '''Magnesium''' - Although it has not been verified, there may be a causal relationship between low magnesium levels and withdrawal seizures or delirium.<ref name="mag">Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal | https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/38-43.pdf</ref> | *'''Magnesium''' - Although it has not been verified, there may be a causal relationship between low magnesium levels and withdrawal seizures or delirium.<ref name="mag">Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal | https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/38-43.pdf</ref> | ||
* '''[[Anticonvulsants]]''' such as '''[[topiramate]]''', '''[[pregabalin]]''', or '''[[gabapentin]]''' - There is some limited evidence that topiramate, pregabalin, or gabapentin could help alcohol withdrawal; however, gabapentin is not recommended for severe withdrawal.<ref>Hammond, CJ; Niciu, MJ; Drew, S; Arias, AJ (April 2015). "Anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol use disorders". CNS Drugs. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25895020</ref><ref>ung, JG; Hall-Flavin, D; Nelson, S; Schmidt, KA; Schak, KM (August 2015). "The role of gabapentin in the management of alcohol withdrawal and dependence". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy (Review). | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969570</ref> | *'''[[Anticonvulsants]]''' such as '''[[topiramate]]''', '''[[pregabalin]]''', or '''[[gabapentin]]''' - There is some limited evidence that topiramate, pregabalin, or gabapentin could help alcohol withdrawal; however, gabapentin is not recommended for severe withdrawal.<ref>Hammond, CJ; Niciu, MJ; Drew, S; Arias, AJ (April 2015). "Anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol use disorders". CNS Drugs. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25895020</ref><ref>ung, JG; Hall-Flavin, D; Nelson, S; Schmidt, KA; Schak, KM (August 2015). "The role of gabapentin in the management of alcohol withdrawal and dependence". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy (Review). | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969570</ref> | ||
* '''[[Haloperidol]]''' - The antipsychotic haloperidol may also be used to control symptoms, especially agitation or psychosis. However, antipsychotics lower the seizure threshold so they can potentially worsen the withdrawal. | *'''[[Haloperidol]]''' - The antipsychotic haloperidol may also be used to control symptoms, especially agitation or psychosis. However, antipsychotics lower the seizure threshold so they can potentially worsen the withdrawal. | ||
* '''Paraldehyde''' - This is an older medication that is generally not used anymore. In regards to treating severe and fatal withdrawal symptoms, paraldehyde combined with chloral hydrate showed superior results over chlordiazepoxide.<ref>Minozzi, S.; Amato, L.; Vecchi, S.; Davoli, M.; Minozzi, Silvia (2010). Minozzi, Silvia, ed. "Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal" (PDF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005064.pub3/abstract;jsessionid=D671C693A358A174D0D86CB0423AFE70.f01t01</ref> | *'''Paraldehyde''' - This is an older medication that is generally not used anymore. In regards to treating severe and fatal withdrawal symptoms, paraldehyde combined with chloral hydrate showed superior results over chlordiazepoxide.<ref>Minozzi, S.; Amato, L.; Vecchi, S.; Davoli, M.; Minozzi, Silvia (2010). Minozzi, Silvia, ed. "Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal" (PDF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005064.pub3/abstract;jsessionid=D671C693A358A174D0D86CB0423AFE70.f01t01</ref> | ||
* '''Acamprosate''' - This substance is sometimes used in addition to other treatments. It can be continued long-term to reduce the risk of relapse. | *'''Acamprosate''' - This substance is sometimes used in addition to other treatments. It can be continued long-term to reduce the risk of relapse. | ||
* '''Carbamazepine''' - This substance assisted in the reduction of withdrawal symptoms in seven scientific trials involving 612 patients.<ref name="mag"></ref> However, it is questionable whether or not the substance can prevent seizures and delirium tremens in a similar manner to benzodiazepines due to inconclusive evidence. | *'''Carbamazepine''' - This substance assisted in the reduction of withdrawal symptoms in seven scientific trials involving 612 patients.<ref name="mag"></ref> However, it is questionable whether or not the substance can prevent seizures and delirium tremens in a similar manner to benzodiazepines due to inconclusive evidence. | ||
* '''[[Clonidine]]''' - This substance is sometimes combined with benzodiazepines to treat symptoms. | *'''[[Clonidine]]''' - This substance is sometimes combined with benzodiazepines to treat symptoms. | ||
==Nicotine withdrawal== | ==Nicotine withdrawal== | ||
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Withdrawal from nicotine includes: | Withdrawal from nicotine includes: | ||
* '''[[Anxiety]]''' | |||
* '''[[Cravings]]''' | *'''[[Anxiety]]''' | ||
* '''[[Irritability]]''' | *'''[[Cravings]]''' | ||
* '''[[Depression]]''' | *'''[[Irritability]]''' | ||
* '''[[Physical fatigue|Fatigue]]''' | *'''[[Depression]]''' | ||
* '''[[Insomnia]]''' | *'''[[Physical fatigue|Fatigue]]''' | ||
* '''[[Headaches]]''' | *'''[[Insomnia]]''' | ||
* '''[[Focus suppression|Difficulty concentrating]]''' | *'''[[Headaches]]''' | ||
*'''[[Focus suppression|Difficulty concentrating]]''' | |||
===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
* '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's intake of nicotine over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. This may be very difficult for some individuals and many prefer to quit [[cold turkey]]. | |||
* '''[[Nicotine replacement therapy]]''' - This stops withdrawal symptoms by providing the body with an alternative source of nicotine. NRT is available in numerous forms and includes nicotine chewing gum, adhesive patches, lozenges, and nasal sprays.<ref>Nicotine (Drugs.com) | https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nicotine.html</ref> Combining different forms is shown to be more effective than only using one form.<ref name="updates">Update on medicines for smoking cessation by Mike McDonough (Australian Prescriber)| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653977/</ref><ref>Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. - Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:0.| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728690</ref> Generally, the user is encouraged to later [[tapering|taper]] one's new nicotine intake after several weeks. | *'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's intake of nicotine over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. This may be very difficult for some individuals and many prefer to quit [[cold turkey]]. | ||
* '''[[Bupropion]]''' (Wellbutrin) - This is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid, reducing the intensity of nicotine cravings and its withdrawal symptoms. It acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist as well as a noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It doubles the chance of quitting smoking successfully, making its effectiveness comparable to nicotine replacement therapy but less effective than varenicline.<ref>Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17156479</ref> | *'''[[Nicotine replacement therapy]]''' - This stops withdrawal symptoms by providing the body with an alternative source of nicotine. NRT is available in numerous forms and includes nicotine chewing gum, adhesive patches, lozenges, and nasal sprays.<ref>Nicotine (Drugs.com) | https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nicotine.html</ref> Combining different forms is shown to be more effective than only using one form.<ref name="updates">Update on medicines for smoking cessation by Mike McDonough (Australian Prescriber)| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653977/</ref><ref>Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. - Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:0.| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728690</ref> Generally, the user is encouraged to later [[tapering|taper]] one's new nicotine intake after several weeks. | ||
* '''Varenicline''' (Chantix) - This prescription medication is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist which is similar to [[cytisine]] and works to reduce cravings by stimulating nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does. It also decreases the euphoric effects of cigarettes and other nicotine products. | *'''[[Bupropion]]''' (Wellbutrin) - This is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid, reducing the intensity of nicotine cravings and its withdrawal symptoms. It acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist as well as a noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It doubles the chance of quitting smoking successfully, making its effectiveness comparable to nicotine replacement therapy but less effective than varenicline.<ref>Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17156479</ref> | ||
* '''Cytisine''' - This substance is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which is similar to varenicline. | *'''Varenicline''' (Chantix) - This prescription medication is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist which is similar to [[cytisine]] and works to reduce cravings by stimulating nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does. It also decreases the euphoric effects of cigarettes and other nicotine products. | ||
* '''Exercise''' - Non-medications treatments such as increased exercise can also reduce nicotine withdrawal. | *'''Cytisine''' - This substance is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which is similar to varenicline. | ||
* '''[[NAC]]''' - In terms of reducing cravings, NAC has been shown to provide relief for those who struggle with compulsive redosing and psychological cravings. | *'''Exercise''' - Non-medications treatments such as increased exercise can also reduce nicotine withdrawal. | ||
*'''[[NAC]]''' - In terms of reducing cravings, NAC has been shown to provide relief for those who struggle with compulsive redosing and psychological cravings. | |||
Other medications used for quitting smoking include [[nortriptyline]] and [[clonidine]]. Many behavior changes such as avoiding situations where one usually smoked, planning ahead to deal with temptations, and seeking the support of friends and family are effective in helping people quit smoking, but whether this is due to reduced withdrawal is unclear. | Other medications used for quitting smoking include [[nortriptyline]] and [[clonidine]]. Many behavior changes such as avoiding situations where one usually smoked, planning ahead to deal with temptations, and seeking the support of friends and family are effective in helping people quit smoking, but whether this is due to reduced withdrawal is unclear. | ||
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===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
*'''[[Tapering]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | *'''[[Tapering]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | ||
* '''[[Gabapentin]]''' or '''[[pregabalin]]''' | *'''[[Gabapentin]]''' or '''[[pregabalin]]''' | ||
* '''[[Baclofen]]'''<ref>Baclofen in the short-term maintenance treatment of benzodiazepine dependence | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271384/</ref> | *'''[[Baclofen]]'''<ref>Baclofen in the short-term maintenance treatment of benzodiazepine dependence | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271384/</ref> | ||
*'''[[Phenibut]]''' - Switching to another [[GABAergic]] can lessen the perceived symptoms, but is likely to also prolong the period of withdrawal and could potentially lead to addiction. | *'''[[Phenibut]]''' - Switching to another [[GABAergic]] can lessen the perceived symptoms, but is likely to also prolong the period of withdrawal and could potentially lead to addiction. | ||
* '''[[L-Theanine]]''' | *'''[[L-Theanine]]''' | ||
* '''[[Melatonin]]''' - This may help with sleep. | *'''[[Melatonin]]''' - This may help with sleep. | ||
* '''[[Valerian root]]''' | *'''[[Valerian root]]''' | ||
* '''[[GABA]]''' - Although GABA may not cross the blood-brain barrier, there are some reports of this supplement helping withdrawal. | *'''[[GABA]]''' - Although GABA may not cross the blood-brain barrier, there are some reports of this supplement helping withdrawal. | ||
* '''[[Magnesium]]'''<ref>alpha-beta L-aspartate magnesium in treatment of chronic benzodiazepine abuse: controlled and double-blind study versus placebo]. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850822</ref> | *'''[[Magnesium]]'''<ref>alpha-beta L-aspartate magnesium in treatment of chronic benzodiazepine abuse: controlled and double-blind study versus placebo]. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850822</ref> | ||
* '''[[Flumazenil]]''' | *'''[[Flumazenil]]''' | ||
==GHB, GBL, and 1,4-butanediol withdrawal== | ==GHB, GBL, and 1,4-butanediol withdrawal== | ||
| Line 189: | Line 195: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
* '''[[Anxiety]]''' | *'''[[Anxiety]]''' | ||
* '''[[Insomnia]]''' | *'''[[Insomnia]]''' | ||
* '''[[Tremors]]''' | *'''[[Tremors]]''' | ||
* '''[[Confusion]]''' | *'''[[Confusion]]''' | ||
* '''[[Delirium]]''' | *'''[[Delirium]]''' | ||
* '''[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]''' | *'''[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]''' | ||
* '''[[Tactile hallucinations]]''' | *'''[[Tactile hallucinations]]''' | ||
* '''[[External hallucinations|Visual hallucinations]]''' | *'''[[External hallucinations|Visual hallucinations]]''' | ||
* '''[[Tachycardia]]''' | *'''[[Tachycardia]]''' | ||
* '''[[Hypertension]]''' | *'''[[Hypertension]]''' | ||
|| | || | ||
* '''[[Nausea|Nausea and vomitting]]''' | *'''[[Nausea|Nausea and vomitting]]''' | ||
* '''[[Diaphoresis]]''' | *'''[[Diaphoresis]]''' | ||
* '''[[Abdominal cramps]]''' | *'''[[Abdominal cramps]]''' | ||
* '''[[Dream potentiation]]''' | *'''[[Dream potentiation]]''' | ||
* '''[[Impaired concentration]]''' | *'''[[Impaired concentration]]''' | ||
* '''[[Memory suppression]]''' | *'''[[Memory suppression]]''' | ||
* '''[[Auditory enhancement|Increased sensitivity to sounds]]''' | *'''[[Auditory enhancement|Increased sensitivity to sounds]]''' | ||
* '''[[Tactile enhancement|Increased sensitivity to tactile sensations]]''' | *'''[[Tactile enhancement|Increased sensitivity to tactile sensations]]''' | ||
* '''[[Delusion|Delusions]]''' | *'''[[Delusion|Delusions]]''' | ||
* '''[[Increased bodily temperature]]''' | *'''[[Increased bodily temperature]]''' | ||
* '''[[Dehydration]]''' | *'''[[Dehydration]]''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
* '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | |||
*'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | |||
==Cannabis withdrawal== | ==Cannabis withdrawal== | ||
Although not medically serious, cannabis withdrawal symptoms can occur in users who have been using the substance for an extended period of time. In comparison to most other substances, cannabis withdrawal is very mild. Most symptoms begin during the first week of abstinence and resolve after a few weeks. These symptoms include: | Although not medically serious, cannabis withdrawal symptoms can occur in users who have been using the substance for an extended period of time. In comparison to most other substances, cannabis withdrawal is very mild. Most symptoms begin during the first week of abstinence and resolve after a few weeks. These symptoms include: | ||
* '''Anger''' | |||
* '''[[Cognitive dysphoria]]''' | *'''Anger''' | ||
* '''[[Anxiety]]''' | *'''[[Cognitive dysphoria]]''' | ||
* '''[[Irritability]]''' | *'''[[Anxiety]]''' | ||
* '''[[Depression]]''' | *'''[[Irritability]]''' | ||
* '''[[Dream potentiation]] | *'''[[Depression]]''' | ||
* '''[[Ear ringing]]''' (rare) | *'''[[Dream potentiation]] ''' | ||
* '''[[Restlessness]]''' | *'''[[Ear ringing]]''' (rare) | ||
* '''[[Insomnia]]''' | *'''[[Restlessness]]''' | ||
* '''[[Gastrointestinal symptoms]]''' | *'''[[Insomnia]]''' | ||
* '''[[Appetite suppression]]''' | *'''[[Gastrointestinal symptoms]]''' | ||
* '''[[Nausea]]''' | *'''[[Appetite suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Nausea]]''' | |||
===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
* '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | |||
* '''Dronabinol''' - Dronabinol is an agonist that is legally available; in some cases and trials, it reduced symptoms of withdrawal and reduced cannabis use.<ref name="two">State of the Art Treatments for Cannabis Dependence | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371269/</ref> | *'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | ||
*'''Dronabinol''' - Dronabinol is an agonist that is legally available; in some cases and trials, it reduced symptoms of withdrawal and reduced cannabis use.<ref name="two">State of the Art Treatments for Cannabis Dependence | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371269/</ref> | |||
*'''[[Diphenhydramine]]''' (DPH) - This substance can assist with sleep if one has insomnia, but may also exacerbate the [[restlessness]] of withdrawal in high does. | *'''[[Diphenhydramine]]''' (DPH) - This substance can assist with sleep if one has insomnia, but may also exacerbate the [[restlessness]] of withdrawal in high does. | ||
* '''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - As benzodiazepines have a high risk of addiction, one should be careful not to become physically dependent on them. | *'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - As benzodiazepines have a high risk of addiction, one should be careful not to become physically dependent on them. | ||
* '''Exercise''' - This may reduce some symptoms and accelerates the rate that THC exits the body by releasing the THC metabolites stored in the fat tissue into the blood stream<ref> "Reintoxication: the release of fat-stored Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into blood is enhanced by food deprivation or ACTH exposure" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782342/</ref>. | *'''Exercise''' - This may reduce some symptoms and accelerates the rate that THC exits the body by releasing the THC metabolites stored in the fat tissue into the blood stream<ref> "Reintoxication: the release of fat-stored Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into blood is enhanced by food deprivation or ACTH exposure" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782342/</ref>. | ||
* '''[[N-Acetylcysteine]] (NAC)''' - In terms of reducing cravings, NAC has been shown to provide relief for those who struggle with compulsive redosing and psychological cravings with cocaine, and has been singled out with gabapentin as a promising potential treatment for cannabis-dependent users.<ref>Echevarria, M. A. N., Reis, T. A., Capatti, G. R., Soares, V. S., da Silveira, D. X., & Fidalgo, T. M. (2017). N-acetylcysteine for treating cocaine addiction – A systematic review. ''Psychiatry Research''. 251, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.024</ref><ref>Sherman, B. J., & McRae‐Clark, A. L. (2016). Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: Current Science and Future Outlook. ''Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy'', 36(5), 511-535. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1747</ref> | *'''[[N-Acetylcysteine]] (NAC)''' - In terms of reducing cravings, NAC has been shown to provide relief for those who struggle with compulsive redosing and psychological cravings with cocaine, and has been singled out with gabapentin as a promising potential treatment for cannabis-dependent users.<ref>Echevarria, M. A. N., Reis, T. A., Capatti, G. R., Soares, V. S., da Silveira, D. X., & Fidalgo, T. M. (2017). N-acetylcysteine for treating cocaine addiction – A systematic review. ''Psychiatry Research''. 251, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.024</ref><ref>Sherman, B. J., & McRae‐Clark, A. L. (2016). Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: Current Science and Future Outlook. ''Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy'', 36(5), 511-535. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1747</ref> | ||
* '''Magnesium''' - Magnesium supplementation can be used to help treat some of the anxiety of cannabis withdrawal as well as the potential mental and physical restlessness that often accompanies it.{{citation needed}} | *'''Magnesium''' - Magnesium supplementation can be used to help treat some of the anxiety of cannabis withdrawal as well as the potential mental and physical restlessness that often accompanies it.{{citation needed}} | ||
* '''[[Gabapentin]]''' - Early, preliminary evidence suggests that gabapentin is capable of reducing withdrawal symptoms and relapse rates in [[cannabis]]-dependent adults who seek to quit. However, larger confirmatory studies are still required.<ref>Mason, B. J., Crean, R., Goodell, V., Light, J. M., Quello, S., Shadan, F., ... & Rao, S. (2012). A proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adults. ''Neuropsychopharmacology'', 37(7), 1689-1698. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.14</ref> | *'''[[Gabapentin]]''' - Early, preliminary evidence suggests that gabapentin is capable of reducing withdrawal symptoms and relapse rates in [[cannabis]]-dependent adults who seek to quit. However, larger confirmatory studies are still required.<ref>Mason, B. J., Crean, R., Goodell, V., Light, J. M., Quello, S., Shadan, F., ... & Rao, S. (2012). A proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adults. ''Neuropsychopharmacology'', 37(7), 1689-1698. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.14</ref> | ||
* '''Acetaminophen''' (paracetamol) - Acetaminophen (paracetamol) may help with withdrawal due to one of its metabolites being a cannabinoid (CB<sub>1</sub>) agonist.{{citation needed}} | *'''Acetaminophen''' (paracetamol) - Acetaminophen (paracetamol) may help with withdrawal due to one of its metabolites being a cannabinoid (CB<sub>1</sub>) agonist.{{citation needed}} | ||
==Caffeine withdrawal== | ==Caffeine withdrawal== | ||
| Line 246: | Line 255: | ||
Caffeine dependence can involve withdrawal symptoms such as: | Caffeine dependence can involve withdrawal symptoms such as: | ||
* '''[[Headaches]]''' - In one study, it was found that headaches were experienced by half of the participants who stopped consuming 235mg of caffeine on average daily for two days.<ref>Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1528206</ref> | |||
* '''[[Physical fatigue]]<ref name="caffe">Juliano, L. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x</ref> | *'''[[Headaches]]''' - In one study, it was found that headaches were experienced by half of the participants who stopped consuming 235mg of caffeine on average daily for two days.<ref>Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1528206</ref> | ||
* '''[[Decreased energy]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''[[Physical fatigue]]<ref name="caffe">Juliano, L. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x</ref>''' | ||
* '''[[Depression]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''[[Decreased energy]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Focus suppression]]<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''[[Depression]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Sleepiness]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''[[Focus suppression]]<ref name="caffe"></ref>''' | ||
* '''Stomach pain''' | *'''[[Sleepiness]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | ||
* '''Muscle pain'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''Stomach pain''' | ||
* '''Joint pain''' | *'''Muscle pain'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Irritability]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''Joint pain''' | ||
* '''[[Nausea]]''' and '''vomitting'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''[[Irritability]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Anxiety]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''[[Nausea]]''' and '''vomitting'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | ||
* '''[[Cravings]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | *'''[[Anxiety]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | ||
*'''[[Cravings]]'''<ref name="caffe"></ref> | |||
===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
*'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. The amount of caffeine present in a drink is usually written on the nutrition facts or is searchable online. For an easy taper, buy caffeine pills and then divide the doses into halves and eventually quarters using a pill cutter. If you are unable to control yourself from dosing too high, the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | *'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. The amount of caffeine present in a drink is usually written on the nutrition facts or is searchable online. For an easy taper, buy caffeine pills and then divide the doses into halves and eventually quarters using a pill cutter. If you are unable to control yourself from dosing too high, the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | ||
*'''Over-the-counter painkillers''' - Painkillers such as '''naproxen''', '''aspirin''', '''acetaminophen''', or '''ibuprofen''' can reduce withdrawal symptoms such as headaches and lessen any muscle or joint pain. Some OTC products include caffeine alongside painkillers, which can be used to self-administer a [[taper]]. | *'''Over-the-counter painkillers''' - Painkillers such as '''naproxen''', '''aspirin''', '''acetaminophen''', or '''ibuprofen''' can reduce withdrawal symptoms such as headaches and lessen any muscle or joint pain. Some OTC products include caffeine alongside painkillers, which can be used to self-administer a [[taper]]. | ||
| Line 269: | Line 280: | ||
Symptoms of stimulant withdrawal include: | Symptoms of stimulant withdrawal include: | ||
* '''[[Paranoia]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Paranoia]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | ||
* '''[[Cravings]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Cravings]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | ||
* '''[[Physical fatigue]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Physical fatigue]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | ||
* '''[[Insomnia]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Insomnia]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | ||
* '''[[Depression]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Depression]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | ||
* '''[[Anxiety]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Anxiety]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | ||
* '''[[Irritability]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | *'''[[Irritability]]'''<ref name="stim">Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Samhsa.gov) | https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/QGCT33/QGCT33.pdf</ref> | ||
===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
* '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | |||
* '''[[NAC]]''' - In terms of reducing cravings, NAC has been shown to provide relief for those who struggle with compulsive redosing and psychological cravings. | *'''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's dosage over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. It is inadvisable to self-administer a taper; the remaining substance should be given to a trusted friend or family member and distributed by only them. | ||
*'''[[NAC]]''' - In terms of reducing cravings, NAC has been shown to provide relief for those who struggle with compulsive redosing and psychological cravings. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Responsible use]] | *[[Responsible use]] | ||
*[[Drug overdose]] | *[[Drug overdose]] | ||