Psychedelic: Difference between revisions

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[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|315px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of LSD and psilocybin, which can tentatively be taken to apply psychedelics as a whole.<ref>Nutt, D., King, L. A., Saulsbury, W., & Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harm of Drugs of Potential Misuse, 1047–1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4</ref>]]

While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure. Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref> However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOB]] and 5-MeO series. Some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family particularly [[25I-NBOMe]] have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref>

While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure.

However, while psychedelics may not be capable of causing direct bodily harm or death, they can still have serious negative consequences. For example, they are capable of impairing the judgment and attention of users which may cause erratic or high-risk behaviors. In extreme cases, users may fall under the [[delusion]] that they are a character in a dream or physically invincible which may cause them to jump off of a building or run into a busy road.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref> Additionally, intense negative experiences and psychotic episodes ([[bad trips|"bad trips"]]) can cause psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated. This is particularly a concern in non-[[trip sitter|supervised settings]] or when heavy doses are used.

Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref>

However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOx]] and 5-MeO series. Some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family, particularly [[25I-NBOMe]], have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref>

However, while psychedelics may not be capable of causing direct bodily harm or death, they can still have serious negative consequences. For example, they are capable of impairing the judgment and attention of users which may cause erratic or high-risk behaviors. In extreme cases, users may fall under the [[delusion]] that they are a character in a dream or physically invincible which may cause them to jump off of a building or run into a busy road.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref>

Additionally, intense negative experiences and psychotic episodes ([[bad trips|"bad trips"]]) can cause psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated. This is particularly a concern in non-[[trip sitter|supervised settings]] or when heavy doses are used.

===Psychosis===

Psychedelics may trigger or exacerbate symptoms (e.g. [[delusions]], [[mania]], [[psychosis]]) in those who have or are predisposed to mental illness such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.<ref name="hallucinogens" /> Those with a personal or family history of mental illness (including anxiety and depression) should not use LSD without the advice of a qualified medical professional.

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Tolerance to the effects of most psychedelics builds [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]] and hits a peak once the effects wear off. After that, it takes about 5-7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1-2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Most psychedelics present cross tolerance with [[cross-tolerance:: all [[psychedelics]]]], meaning they will have a reduced effect.

Notable exceptions to this include [[DMT]] and related tryptamines like [[DPT]] and [[MET]], which are thought to produce little to no tolerance or cross-tolerance. Another exception includes psychedelic [[phenethylamines]] like [[2C-B]]. While the exact mechanism is not understood, generally tolerance is thought to rise immediately, but does not reach a peak unless with prolonged and repeated use. This means that the immediate tolerance does not rise as high as with [[lysergamides]] or [[tryptamines]] and can wear off faster and can be reduced to half within 1-2 days in the absence of further consumption. Mostly there will be less psychedelic and more stimulating effects.

Notable exceptions to this include [[DMT]] and related tryptamines like [[DPT]] and [[MET]], which are thought to produce little to no tolerance or cross-tolerance.

Another exception includes psychedelic [[phenethylamines]] like [[2C-B]]. While the exact mechanism is not understood, generally tolerance is thought to rise immediately, but does not reach a peak unless with prolonged and repeated use. This means that the immediate tolerance does not rise as high as with [[lysergamides]] or [[tryptamines]] and can wear off faster and can be reduced to half within 1-2 days in the absence of further consumption. Mostly there will be less psychedelic and more stimulating effects.

Extremely high doses of psychedelics can also produce a tolerance which can last a significantly longer time than expected.

@@ Line 551: / Line 551: @@
 [[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|315px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of LSD and psilocybin, which can tentatively be taken to apply psychedelics as a whole.<ref>Nutt, D., King, L. A., Saulsbury, W., & Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harm of Drugs of Potential Misuse, 1047–1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4</ref>]]
-While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure. Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref> However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOB]] and 5-MeO series. Some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family particularly [[25I-NBOMe]] have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref>
+While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure.
-However, while psychedelics may not be capable of causing direct bodily harm or death, they can still have serious negative consequences. For example, they are capable of impairing the judgment and attention of users which may cause erratic or high-risk behaviors. In extreme cases, users may fall under the [[delusion]] that they are a character in a dream or physically invincible which may cause them to jump off of a building or run into a busy road.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref> Additionally, intense negative experiences and psychotic episodes ([[bad trips|"bad trips"]]) can cause psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated. This is particularly a concern in non-[[trip sitter|supervised settings]] or when heavy doses are used.
+Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref>
+However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOx]] and 5-MeO series. Some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family, particularly [[25I-NBOMe]], have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref>
+However, while psychedelics may not be capable of causing direct bodily harm or death, they can still have serious negative consequences. For example, they are capable of impairing the judgment and attention of users which may cause erratic or high-risk behaviors. In extreme cases, users may fall under the [[delusion]] that they are a character in a dream or physically invincible which may cause them to jump off of a building or run into a busy road.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref>
+Additionally, intense negative experiences and psychotic episodes ([[bad trips|"bad trips"]]) can cause psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated. This is particularly a concern in non-[[trip sitter|supervised settings]] or when heavy doses are used.
+===Psychosis===
 Psychedelics may trigger or exacerbate symptoms (e.g. [[delusions]], [[mania]], [[psychosis]]) in those who have or are predisposed to mental illness such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.<ref name="hallucinogens" /> Those with a personal or family history of mental illness (including anxiety and depression) should not use LSD without the advice of a qualified medical professional.
@@ Line 565: / Line 573: @@
 Tolerance to the effects of most psychedelics builds [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]] and hits a peak once the effects wear off. After that, it takes about 5-7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1-2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Most psychedelics present cross tolerance with [[cross-tolerance:: all [[psychedelics]]]], meaning they will have a reduced effect.
-Notable exceptions to this include [[DMT]] and related tryptamines like [[DPT]] and [[MET]], which are thought to produce little to no tolerance or cross-tolerance. Another exception includes psychedelic [[phenethylamines]] like [[2C-B]]. While the exact mechanism is not understood, generally tolerance is thought to rise immediately, but does not reach a peak unless with prolonged and repeated use. This means that the immediate tolerance does not rise as high as with [[lysergamides]] or [[tryptamines]] and can wear off faster and can be reduced to half within 1-2 days in the absence of further consumption. Mostly there will be less psychedelic and more stimulating effects.
+Notable exceptions to this include [[DMT]] and related tryptamines like [[DPT]] and [[MET]], which are thought to produce little to no tolerance or cross-tolerance.
+Another exception includes psychedelic [[phenethylamines]] like [[2C-B]]. While the exact mechanism is not understood, generally tolerance is thought to rise immediately, but does not reach a peak unless with prolonged and repeated use. This means that the immediate tolerance does not rise as high as with [[lysergamides]] or [[tryptamines]] and can wear off faster and can be reduced to half within 1-2 days in the absence of further consumption. Mostly there will be less psychedelic and more stimulating effects.
 Extremely high doses of psychedelics can also produce a tolerance which can last a significantly longer time than expected.