Psychedelic: Difference between revisions

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[[Subjective effects]] can vary significantly depending on the subclass, but generally include some form of [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. The so-called classical psychedelics, which consist of [[LSD]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[mescaline]], and [[DMT]] ([[ayahuasca]]) are considered to produce the archetypal psychedelic effects and also have the most established safety profiles. Psychedelics can be divided into three major sub-classes: [[tryptamines]], [[lysergamides]], and [[phenethylamines]]. Psychedelic tryptamines (e.g. [[psilocybin mushrooms|psilocybin]], [[4-AcO-DMT]]) are either based on or derived from [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT), lyergamides (e.g. [[LSA]], [[AL-LAD]]) from [[LSD]], and phenethylamines (e.g. [[2C-B]]) on [[mescaline]].

Unlike other highly prohibited substances, most psychedelics have not been shown to be physiologically toxic and none have been shown to be addictive.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> Additionally, some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family particularly [[25I-NBOMe]] have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref> As a result, it is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction#Hallucinogens|harm reduction practices]] if using these substances.

Unlike other highly prohibited substances, most psychedelics have not been shown to be physiologically toxic and none have been shown to be addictive.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> As a result, it is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction#Hallucinogens|harm reduction practices]] if using these substances.

==Etymology==

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[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|315px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of LSD and psilocybin, which can tentatively be taken to apply psychedelics as a whole.<ref>Nutt, D., King, L. A., Saulsbury, W., & Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harm of Drugs of Potential Misuse, 1047–1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4</ref>]]

While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure. Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref> However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOB]] and 5-MeO series.

While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure. Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref> However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOB]] and 5-MeO series. Some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family particularly [[25I-NBOMe]] have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref>

However, while psychedelics may not be capable of causing direct bodily harm or death, they can still have serious negative consequences. For example, they are capable of impairing the judgment and attention of users which may cause erratic or high-risk behaviors. In extreme cases, users may fall under the [[delusion]] that they are a character in a dream or physically invincible which may cause them to jump off of a building or run into a busy road.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref> Additionally, intense negative experiences and psychotic episodes ([[bad trips|"bad trips"]]) can cause psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated. This is particularly a concern in non-[[trip sitter|supervised settings]] or when heavy doses are used.

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 [[Subjective effects]] can vary significantly depending on the subclass, but generally include some form of [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. The so-called classical psychedelics, which consist of [[LSD]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[mescaline]], and [[DMT]] ([[ayahuasca]]) are considered to produce the archetypal psychedelic effects and also have the most established safety profiles. Psychedelics can be divided into three major sub-classes: [[tryptamines]], [[lysergamides]], and [[phenethylamines]]. Psychedelic tryptamines (e.g. [[psilocybin mushrooms|psilocybin]], [[4-AcO-DMT]]) are either based on or derived from [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT), lyergamides (e.g. [[LSA]], [[AL-LAD]]) from [[LSD]], and phenethylamines (e.g. [[2C-B]]) on [[mescaline]].
-Unlike other highly prohibited substances, most psychedelics have not been shown to be physiologically toxic and none have been shown to be addictive.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> Additionally, some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family particularly [[25I-NBOMe]] have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref> As a result, it is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction#Hallucinogens|harm reduction practices]] if using these substances.
+Unlike other highly prohibited substances, most psychedelics have not been shown to be physiologically toxic and none have been shown to be addictive.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> As a result, it is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction#Hallucinogens|harm reduction practices]] if using these substances.
 ==Etymology==
@@ Line 543: / Line 543: @@
 [[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|315px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of LSD and psilocybin, which can tentatively be taken to apply psychedelics as a whole.<ref>Nutt, D., King, L. A., Saulsbury, W., & Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harm of Drugs of Potential Misuse, 1047–1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4</ref>]]
-While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure. Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref> However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOB]] and 5-MeO series.
+While more research is needed, most psychedelics (and especially classical psychedelics) appear to be physiologically well-tolerated and have [[Toxicity::very low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref name="nicholsPSY" /> Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure. Various studies have shown that, in reasonable doses in a sufficiently [[Set and setting|prepared context]], they are unlikely to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that classical psychedelics cause damage to any human body organ.<ref>Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref> However it should be noted that some exceptions exist, such as some members of the [[25x-NBOMe]], [[2C-T-x]], [[DOB]] and 5-MeO series. Some substances of the [[Nbome|NBOMe]] family particularly [[25I-NBOMe]] have been associated with fatal overdoses.<ref>Walterscheid, J. P., Phillips, G. T., Lopez, A. E., Gonsoulin, M. L., Chen, H. H., & Sanchez, L. A. (2014). Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. ''The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology'', ''35''(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000082</ref><ref>Kueppers, V. B., & Cooke, C. T. (2015). 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. ''Forensic science international'', ''249'', e15-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.010</ref><ref>Shanks, K. G., Sozio, T., & Behonick, G. S. (2015). Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. ''Journal of analytical toxicology'', ''39''(8), 602-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv058</ref>
 However, while psychedelics may not be capable of causing direct bodily harm or death, they can still have serious negative consequences. For example, they are capable of impairing the judgment and attention of users which may cause erratic or high-risk behaviors. In extreme cases, users may fall under the [[delusion]] that they are a character in a dream or physically invincible which may cause them to jump off of a building or run into a busy road.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref> Additionally, intense negative experiences and psychotic episodes ([[bad trips|"bad trips"]]) can cause psychological trauma if not properly managed or treated. This is particularly a concern in non-[[trip sitter|supervised settings]] or when heavy doses are used.