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Peganum harmala: Difference between revisions

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>Kenan
m Reverted edits by MeyveliPasta (talk) to last revision by LockPicker
>David Hedlund
Converted the harmala alklaloid list to a table
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Syrian rue seeds contain several different harmala alkaloids at slightly varying percentages. Only some are monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. In one study, total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight.<ref>http://www.phcogrev.com/article.asp?issn=0973-7847;year=2013;volume=7;issue=14;spage=199;epage=212;aulast=Moloudizargari</ref><ref>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15563650701323205</ref><ref name=partial/> Seed extracts were potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-A but poor inhibitors of MAO-B.<ref name="new1" />
Syrian rue seeds contain several different harmala alkaloids at slightly varying percentages. Only some are monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. In one study, total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight.<ref>http://www.phcogrev.com/article.asp?issn=0973-7847;year=2013;volume=7;issue=14;spage=199;epage=212;aulast=Moloudizargari</ref><ref>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15563650701323205</ref><ref name=partial/> Seed extracts were potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-A but poor inhibitors of MAO-B.<ref name="new1" />


*Desoxypeganine<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3841998/</ref>. A selective MAO-A inhibitor.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18560630</ref>
Total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight, in one study.<ref name=partial/>
*[[Harmane]] (harman), 0.16%<ref name=partial>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hemmateenejad B, Abbaspour A, Maghami H, Miri R, Panjehshahin MR |title=Partial least squares-based multivariate spectral calibration method for simultaneous determination of beta-carboline derivatives in Peganum harmala seed extracts |journal=Anal. Chim. Acta |volume=575 |issue=2 |pages=290–9 |date=August 2006 |pmid=17723604 |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.093}}</ref> Harman is a selective MAO-A inhibitor.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16139309</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8149995</ref>
 
*[[Harmine]] (banisterine, telepathine), 0.44%<ref name=chroma>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pulpati H, Biradar YS, Rajani M |title=High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the quantification of harmine, harmaline, vasicine, and vasicinone in Peganum harmala |journal=J AOAC Int |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1179–85 |year=2008 |pmid=18980138}}</ref>–1.84%<ref name=partial/>–4.3%<ref name=new1>{{cite journal |vauthors=Herraiz T, González D, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Arán VJ, Guillén H |title=beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) |journal=Food Chem. Toxicol. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=839–45 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20036304 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019}}</ref> Harmine is a nonselective MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitor. Also, the coatings of the seeds are said to contain large amounts of harmine.<ref name=cdfa>{{cite web|url= https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/IPC/encycloweedia/weedinfo/peganum.htm |title=''African rue or Harmel'' |accessdate=2008-02-02 |publisher=www.cdfa.ca.gov }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
*[[Harmaline]] (harmidine), 0.25%<ref name=partial/>–0.79%<ref name=chroma/>–5.6%<ref name=new1/> Harmaline is a [[RIMA]].<ref>{{ cite book | author = Massaro, E. J. | title = Handbook of Neurotoxicology | publisher = Humana Press | location = Totowa, NJ | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-89603-796-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2c2K-epbCDQC&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=harmaline+antidepressant | page = 237 }}</ref>
|-
*[[Harmalol]], 0.6%<ref name=new1/>–3.90%<ref name=partial/>
! Alkaloid
*[[Tetrahydroharmine]] (THH), 0.1%<ref name=new1/>
! Content
*Harmol<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12609665</ref>
! Type
*Vasicine (peganine),<ref name="nook">http://www.thenook.org/archives/tek/06332ott.html{{full citation needed|date=May 2013}}</ref> 0.25%<ref name=chroma/>
|-
*Vasicinone,<ref name=nook/> 0.0007%<ref name=chroma/>
! [[Desoxypeganine]]<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3841998/</ref>
|
| MAO-A<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Algorta |first1=J |last2=Pena |first2=MA |last3=Maraschiello |first3=C |last4=Alvarez-González |first4=A |last5=Maruhn |first5=D |last6=Windisch |first6=M |last7=Mucke |first7=HA |title=Phase I clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: tolerance and pharmacokinetics study of escalating single oral doses. |journal=Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology |date=March 2008 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=141-7 |doi=10.1358/mf.2008.30.2.1159649 |pmid=18560630}}</ref>
|-
! [[Harmalicidine]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lamchouri |first1=F |last2=Zemzami |first2=M |last3=Jossang |first3=A |last4=Abdellatif |first4=A |last5=Israili |first5=ZH |last6=Lyoussi |first6=B |title=Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Peganum harmala seeds. |journal=Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences |date=July 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=699-706 |pmid=23811445}}</ref>
|
|
|-
! [[Harmaline]] (harmidine)
| 0.25%<ref name=partial/>–0.79%<ref name=chroma/>–5.6%<ref name=new1/>
| [[Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A]] (RIMA)
|-
! [[Harmalol]]
| 0.6%<ref name=new1/>–3.90%<ref name=partial/>
|
|-
! [[Harmane]] (harman)
| 0.16%<ref name=partial>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hemmateenejad B, Abbaspour A, Maghami H, Miri R, Panjehshahin MR |title=Partial least squares-based multivariate spectral calibration method for simultaneous determination of beta-carboline derivatives in Peganum harmala seed extracts |journal=Anal. Chim. Acta |volume=575 |issue=2 |pages=290–9 |date=August 2006 |pmid=17723604 |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.093}}</ref>
| MAO-A and MAO B<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herraiz |first1=T |last2=Chaparro |first2=C |title=Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and beta-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee. |journal=Life sciences |date=18 January 2006 |volume=78 |issue=8 |pages=795-802 |doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.074 |pmid=16139309}}</ref>
|-
! [[Harmine]] (banisterine, telepathine)
| 0.44%<ref name=chroma>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pulpati H, Biradar YS, Rajani M |title=High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the quantification of harmine, harmaline, vasicine, and vasicinone in Peganum harmala |journal=J AOAC Int |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1179–85 |year=2008 |doi=10.1093/jaoac/91.5.1179 |pmid=18980138|doi-access=free }}</ref>–1.84%<ref name=partial/>–4.3%<ref name=new1>{{cite journal |vauthors=Herraiz T, González D, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Arán VJ, Guillén H |title=beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) |journal=Food Chem. Toxicol. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=839–45 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20036304 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019}}</ref> – The coatings of the seeds are said to contain large amounts of harmine.<ref name=cdfa/>
| [[Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A]] (RIMA)
|-
! [[Tetrahydroharmine]] (THH)
| 0.1%<ref name=new1/>
| [[Serotonine reuptake inhibitor]]<ref name="pmid10404423">{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=James C. |last2=McKenna |first2=Dennis |author-link2=Dennis McKenna |last3=Grob |first3=Charles S. |title=Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=243–56 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10404423 |issn=0279-1072 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00168-8|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
|-
! [[Vasicine]] (peganine)<ref name=nook/>
| 0.25%<ref name=chroma/>
|
|-
! [[Vasicinone]]<ref name=nook/>
| 0.0007%<ref name=chroma/>
|
|}


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
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