Psychedelic: Difference between revisions

'''Psychedelics''' (also known as '''[[serotonergic]] [[hallucinogens]]''') are a class of [[psychoactive substances]] that produce an altered state of consciousness marked by unusual changes in perception, mood, and cognitive processes.<ref name="nicholsPSY>Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2), 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478</ref> While their precise mechanism of action is not known, psychedelics are thought to produce their characteristic effects by binding to [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] ('''5'''-'''h'''ydroxy'''t'''ryptamine or '''5-HT'''), particularly the 5-HT_2a subtype. Serotonin plays a number of critical roles throughout the human body and is a key [[neurotransmitter]] involved in the functioning and regulation of sensory perception, behavior, mood, cognition and memory.<ref name=nichols5HT>Nichols, D. E., & Nichols, C. D. (2008). Serotonin Receptors. Chemical Reviews, 108(5), 1614-1641. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr078224o</ref>  

Human usage of psychedelics predates written history, and there is growing evidence that they were employed by early cultures in a variety of sociocultural and ritual contexts.<ref name="nicholsPSY /> In modern times, psychedelic substances are used for a number of purposes that span from the traditional shamanic forms (such as the use of [[ayahuasca]] in the Amazon jungle, or [[peyote]] among Native Americans) to more modern forms of New Age spiritual, [[transpersonal]], or religious practices. Psychedelics, particularly those in the traditional or herbal forms, are sometimes referred to as [[entheogens]] (i.e. "generating the divine within")<ref>Dictionary - Entheogen | http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entheogen</ref> by those who use them for these purposes, although they are also often used in purely [[recreational drug use|recreational settings]].

Unlike other highly prohibited substances, most psychedelics have not been shown to be physiologically toxic and none have been shown to be addictive.<ref name="nicholsPSY /> However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> As a result, it is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction#Hallucinogens|harm reduction practices]] if using these substances.  

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     <div class='flex-column'>

** [[Drifting#Morphing|Morphing]]

** [[Drifting#Breathing|Breathing]]

** [[Drifting#Melting|Melting]]

** [[Drifting#Flowing|Flowing]]

* [[Geometry#8A - Exposure to semantic concept network|8A - Exposure to semantic concept network]]

* [[Geometry#8B - Perceived exposure to inner mechanics of consciousness|8B - Perceived exposure to inner mechanics of consciousness]]

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* [[Thought disorganization]]

* [[Personal bias suppression]]

* [[Addiction suppression]]<ref>Psychedelics: entering a new age of addiction therapy | http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/features/psychedelics-entering-a-new-age-of-addiction-therapy/20066899.article#fn_link_1</ref>

* [[Memory suppression]]

** [[Ego death]]

* [[Analysis enhancement]]

* [[Conceptual thinking]]

* [[Déjà vu]]

* [[Delusion|Delusions]]

* [[Perceived exposure to inner mechanics of consciousness]]

* [[Introspection]]

* [[Mindfulness]]

* [[Outrospection]]

* [[Personality regression]]

* [[Simultaneous emotions]]

* [[Autonomous voice communication]]

* [[Thought loops]]

* [[Time distortion]]

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[[File:molecules.png|351px|thumb|right|''Psychedelic structural comparison diagram.]]

* '''A''' represents the benzene ring, which all three classes contain.  

* '''B''' represents the pyrrole ring in both tryptamines and lysergamides.  

* '''A''' and '''B''' together form the indole ring.  

* '''C''' (cyclohexane) and '''D''' are only contained in the lysergamides, possibly contributing to their potency.

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<h4 class="media-heading"></h4>

* [[1B-LSD]]

* [[1P-ETH-LAD]]

* [[1P-LSD]]

* [[AL-LAD]]

* [[ALD-52]]

* [[ETH-LAD]]

* [[LSA]]

* [[LSD]]

* [[LSM-775]]

* [[LSZ]]

* [[MIPLA]]

* [[PARGY-LAD]]

* [[PRO-LAD]]

* [[DMT]]

* [[MET]]

* [[DET]]

* [[MPT]]

* [[EPT]]

* [[DPT]]

* [[DiPT]]

* [[MiPT]]

* [[EiPT]]

* [[PiPT]]

* [[aMT]]

* [[4-AcO-DET]] (''Ethacetin'')

* [[4-AcO-DMT]] (''Psilacetin'')

* [[4-AcO-DPT]]

* [[4-AcO-DiPT]] (''Ipracetin'')

* [[4-AcO-EPT]]

* [[4-AcO-MET]] (''Metacetin'', ''Azomet'')

* [[4-AcO-MPT]]

* [[4-AcO-MiPT]] (''Mipracetin'')

* [[4-HO-DET]] (''Ethocin'')

* [[4-HO-DMT]] (''Psilocin'')

* [[4-HO-DPT]]

* [[4-HO-DiPT]] (''Iprocin'')

* [[4-HO-EPT]]

* [[4-HO-MET]] (''Metocin'')

* [[4-HO-MPT]]

* [[4-HO-MiPT]] (''Miprocin'')

* [[4-PO-DMT]] (''Psilocybin'')

* [[5-HO-DMT]] (''Bufotenin'')

* [[5-MeO-DALT]]

* [[5-MeO-DMT]]

* [[5-MeO-DiPT]] (''Foxy'')

* [[5-MeO-MALT]]

* [[5-MeO-MiPT]] (''Moxy'')

* [[Ibogaine]]

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* [[Allylescaline]]

* [[Escaline]]

* [[Mescaline]]

* [[Methallylescaline]]

* [[Proscaline]]

* [[2C-B]]

* [[2C-C]]

* [[2C-D]]

* [[2C-E]]

* [[2C-H]]

* [[2C-I]]

* [[2C-P]]

* [[2C-TFM]]

* [[2C-T]]

* [[2C-T-2]]

* [[2C-T-21]]

* [[2C-T-7]]

* [[DOB]]

* [[DOC]]

* [[DOET]] (''DOE'')

* [[DOI]]

* [[DOM]]

* [[DOPR]]

* [[25B-NBOMe]]

* [[25C-NBOMe]]

* [[25D-NBOMe]]

* [[25I-NBOMe]]

* [[25N-NBOMe]]

* [[25B-NBOH]]

* [[25C-NBOH]]

* [[25I-NBOH]]

* [[3C-E]]

* [[ßk-2C-B]]  

* [[TMA-2]]

* [[TMA-6]]

* [[2C-B-FLY]]

* [[5-MeO-DiBF]]

* [[Bromo-DragonFLY]]

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* [[Acacia confusa]]

* [[Ayahuasca]]

* [[Chacruna]]

* [[Hawaiian baby woodrose]]

* [[Iboga]]

* [[Mimosa hostilis]]

* [[Morning glory]]

* [[Psilocybin mushrooms]]

* [[Psychedelic cacti]]

* [[Yopo]]

* [[Efavirenz]]

* [[Responsible use]]

* [[Hallucinogen]]

* [[Dissociative]]

* [[Deliriant]]

* [[Serotonin]]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelics Psychedelics (Wikipedia)]

* Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2), 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478

* Geyer, M. A., Nichols, D. E., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2009). Serotonin-Related Psychedelic Drugs. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008045046-9.01160-8

* Vollenweider, F. X., & Kometer, M. (2010). The Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs: Implications for the Treatment of Mood Disorders. Nature Publishing Group, 11(9), 642–651. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2884

* Nichols, C. D., & Sanders-Bush, E. (2001). Serotonin Receptor Signaling and Hallucinogenic Drug Action. Heffter Rev Psychedelic Res, 2, 73-79. https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20170110205041/https://heffter.org/docs/hrireview/02/chap5.pdf

* Johansen, P. Ø., & Krebs, T. S. (2015). Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: A population study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(3), 270-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114568039

* Elsey, J. W. (2017). Psychedelic drug use in healthy individuals: A review of benefits, costs, and implications for drug policy. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3, 2050324517723232. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324517723232

[[Category:Psychoactive class]][[Category:Hallucinogen]][[Category:Psychedelic|*]]