Research chemicals: Difference between revisions

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The safety profile of research chemicals is generally unknown due to a lack of medical studies. There is little to no information on the toxicity, negative health risks, long-term side effects, or lethal dosage of these chemicals, which make their use riskier than the use of more common, well-studied substances. It is for this reason that taking these chemicals for extended periods of time, binging on them, and taking excessive doses is strongly discouraged.

In terms of known risk factors, common issues for research chemicals include the mislabeling, misidentification, and misrepresentation of products, the adulteration of other compounds, and issues of purity.<ref name="erowid">Experimental & Research Chemicals (Synthetic Drugs, Novel Psychoactive Substances, New Psychoactive Substances, NPS, Replacement Psychoactives) (Erowid) | https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/</ref>

In terms of known risk factors, common issues for research chemicals include the mislabeling, misidentification, and misrepresentation of products, the adulteration of other compounds, and issues of purity.<ref name="erowid">Experimental & Research Chemicals (Synthetic Drugs, Novel Psychoactive Substances, New Psychoactive Substances, NPS, Replacement Psychoactives) (Erowid) | https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/</ref> Using a reagent testing kit to properly identify research chemicals is highly recommended before use.

Combining research chemicals presents a risk due to the lack of research and understanding of their pharmacological and toxicological effects. For example, if a research chemical has [[MAOI]] effects (like 2C-T-7), this could make it dangerous to combine it with other [[MAOI]]s, [[stimulant]]s and certain substances which release [[serotonin]] or [[dopamine]]. It is recommended to avoid blends or branded products if the active psychoactive compounds are not listed on the labeling.<ref name="tripsit">Research Chemicals (Tripsit) | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Research_Chemicals</ref>

Several fatal overdoses have occurred due to [[Bromo-DragonFLY]] accidentally being mislabelled by online vendors as both [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly">Information on Reported Deaths Related to 2C-B-FLY Misidentified Substance is Most Likely Bromo-dragonfly by the Erowid Crew v1.6 - Nov 9, 2009 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb_fly/2cb_fly_death1.shtml</ref> and [[2C-E]].<ref name="2ce">Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref name="2ce2">Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | http://www.newson6.com/story/14641463/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa</ref> The former is active in the 200-800μg range and is significantly more potent than 2C-E. These situations can be avoided by dosing a minuscule amount of a drug (roughly 0.5 milligrams) and waiting for several hours. This is known as an "allergy test". It is recommended to do this for all new batches of substances.

Several fatal overdoses have occurred due to [[Bromo-DragonFLY]] accidentally being mislabelled by online vendors as both [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly">Information on Reported Deaths Related to 2C-B-FLY Misidentified Substance is Most Likely Bromo-dragonfly by the Erowid Crew v1.6 - Nov 9, 2009 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb_fly/2cb_fly_death1.shtml</ref> and [[2C-E]].<ref name="2ce">Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref name="2ce2">Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | http://www.newson6.com/story/14641463/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa</ref> The former is active in the 200-800μg range and is significantly more potent than 2C-E. These situations can be avoided by dosing a minuscule amount of a drug (roughly 0.5 milligrams) and waiting for several hours. This is known as an "allergy test". It is recommended to do this for all new batches of substances. Additionally, it is strongly recommended that one uses a milligram scale to accurately measure their doses.

Anecdotal evidence from users suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying research chemicals at low to moderate doses by themselves and using them sparingly. However, nothing can be guaranteed. For example, in one extreme case, the research chemical [[MPPP]] was found in some cases to contain an impurity called [[MPTP]], which caused brain damage that resulted in a syndrome identical to Parkinson's disease from only a single dose.<ref name="faq"></ref>

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Pharmacological deaths are fatalities caused by the direct action of the chemical in the body and do not include deaths as a result of inebriated behavior. The content below is an incomplete list.

====Synthetic cannabinoids====

*'''[[MDMB-FUBINACA]]''' - MDMB-FUBINACA has gained a reputation as the most deadly synthetic cannabinoid drug sold to date.<ref>Identification and analytical characteristics of synthetic cannabinoids with an indazole-3-carboxamide structure bearing a N-1-methoxycarbonylalkyl group. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25893797</ref> At least 1000 hospitalisations and 40 deaths have been linked to this drug in media and government reports as of March 2015.<ref>25 killed, over 700 hospitalized: Cheap ‘Spice’ designer drug causes severe poisoning across Russia | https://www.rt.com/news/193700-russia-spice-deadly-drug</ref><ref>"Clinical presentations of intoxication by new psychoactive compound MDMB(N)-Bz-F. Thesis of The II Scientific and Practical Seminar 'Methodical, Organizational and Law Problems of Chemical and Toxicological Laboratories of Narcological Services', Moscow" (in Russian). | http://www.narkotiki.ru/objects/narkotiki02/1414709242.ppt</ref>

====Psychedelics====

*'''[[AMT]]''' - Deaths from AMT are rare.<ref name="amt">AMT (Alphamethyltryptamine, IT-290) Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/amt/amt_death.shtml</ref><ref name="amt2">Boland DM, Andollo W, Hime GW, Hearn WL. “Fatality due to acute alpha-methyltryptamine intoxication”. J Anal Toxicol. 2005 Jul-Aug;29(5):394-7. | https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6603</ref> But as a powerful [[monoamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] (MRI), injury could occur when excessive doses are taken or when it is taken with drugs such as [[MAOIs]], [[RIMA]]s, [[stimulant]]s and any substance which act as a [[releasing agent]] or [[reuptake inhibitor]] of [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[serotonin]] and [[dopamine]].<ref>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity | http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/4/434</ref>

*'''[[DOC]]''' - There is one reported death from DOC, however, the toxicology report hasn't been released nor has the presence of DOC been confirmed.<ref>DOC (2,5-Dimethoxy-ChloroAmphetamine) Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/doc/doc_death.shtml</ref>

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*'''[[5-MeO-DiPT]]'''<ref>Japanese Death Associated with 5-MeO-DIPT by Erowid v1.1 May 4, 2006 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_dipt/5meo_dipt_media1.shtml</ref>

*'''[[Bromo-DragonFLY]]''' - Bromo-DragonFLY, accidentally mislabelled as both [[2C-E]]<ref name="2ce">Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref name="2ce2">Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | http://www.newson6.com/story/14641463/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa</ref> and [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly">Information on Reported Deaths Related to 2C-B-FLY Misidentified Substance is Most Likely Bromo-dragonfly by the Erowid Crew v1.6 - Nov 9, 2009 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb_fly/2cb_fly_death1.shtml</ref>, has caused the deaths of three people, possibly due to producing pronounced [[vasoconstriction]] under some circumstances.<ref>Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref>A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19091499</ref>

====Dissociatives====

*'''[[MXP]]'''<ref>Elliott SP, Brandt SD, Wallach J, Morris H, Kavanagh PV. “First Reported Fatalities Associated with the 'Research Chemical' 2-Methoxydiphenidine”. J Anal Toxicol. 2015 May;39(4):287-293. | https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=8804</ref>

====Opioids====

*'''[[Acetylfentanyl]]''' - Between March 2013 and May 2013, 14 overdose deaths related to injected acetylfentanyl had occurred in Rhode Island. After confirming five overdoses in one county, including a fatality, Pennsylvania asked coroners and medical examiners across the state to screen for acetylfentanyl, which led to 50 confirmed fatalities and five non-fatal overdoses statewide in 2013.<ref>Ogilvie, Laurie, Christina Stanley, Lauren Lewis, Molly Boyd, Matthew Lozier, Matthew Lozier. "Notes from the Field: Acetyl Fentanyl Overdose Fatalities — Rhode Island, March–May 2013". cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 11 November 2013. | http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6234a5.htm</ref><ref>Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. "Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs warns about acetyl fentanyl: drug caused at least 50 fatalities in 2013 in Pennsylvania.". Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. | http://www.pa.gov/portal/server.pt/document/1345188/department_of_drug_and_alcohol_programs_warns_about_acetyl_fentanyl</ref> Another 5 deaths were reported in Jefferson Parish, New Orleans,<ref> Grunfeld, David (November 1, 2013). "Couple found dead in Old Metairie home killed by lethal new synthetic drug". NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 28 March 2014. | http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/10/couple_found_dead_in_old_metai.html</ref> along with three more in North Carolina.<ref> "DHHS Issues Health Advisory for Deadly New Synthetic Drug". NC DHHS Press Releases. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 27 August 2014. | http://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/dhhs-issues-health-advisory-deadly-new-synthetic-drug</ref>

*'''[[AH-7921]]'''- In a 2014 study which investigated nine fatalities in which AH-7921 was involved, it was concluded that poly-drug use was not a major contributing factor for the deaths and that a more important factor was the person's tolerance to opiates, which led to an overdose when the drug was taken in excessive amounts.<ref>Fatal Intoxications Associated with the Designer Opioid AH-7921 | http://jat.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/8/599.full</ref>

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====Stimulants====

*'''[[MDPV]]'''<ref>https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdpv/mdpv_death.shtml</ref>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

==External links==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_chemical Research chemical (Wikipedia)]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug Designer drug (Wikipedia)]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_chemical Research chemical (Wikipedia)]

* [https://erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/ Experimental & Research Chemicals (Erowid Vault)]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug Designer drug (Wikipedia)]

*[https://erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/ Experimental & Research Chemicals (Erowid Vault)]

==Literature==

*King, L. A., & Kicman, A. T. (2011). A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3(7‐8), 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.319

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 The safety profile of research chemicals is generally unknown due to a lack of medical studies. There is little to no information on the toxicity, negative health risks, long-term side effects, or lethal dosage of these chemicals, which make their use riskier than the use of more common, well-studied substances. It is for this reason that taking these chemicals for extended periods of time, binging on them, and taking excessive doses is strongly discouraged.
-In terms of known risk factors, common issues for research chemicals include the mislabeling, misidentification, and misrepresentation of products, the adulteration of other compounds, and issues of purity.<ref name="erowid">Experimental & Research Chemicals (Synthetic Drugs, Novel Psychoactive Substances, New Psychoactive Substances, NPS, Replacement Psychoactives) (Erowid) | https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/</ref>
+In terms of known risk factors, common issues for research chemicals include the mislabeling, misidentification, and misrepresentation of products, the adulteration of other compounds, and issues of purity.<ref name="erowid">Experimental & Research Chemicals (Synthetic Drugs, Novel Psychoactive Substances, New Psychoactive Substances, NPS, Replacement Psychoactives) (Erowid) | https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/</ref> Using a reagent testing kit to properly identify research chemicals is highly recommended before use.
 Combining research chemicals presents a risk due to the lack of research and understanding of their pharmacological and toxicological effects. For example, if a research chemical has [[MAOI]] effects (like 2C-T-7), this could make it dangerous to combine it with other [[MAOI]]s, [[stimulant]]s and certain substances which release [[serotonin]] or [[dopamine]]. It is recommended to avoid blends or branded products if the active psychoactive compounds are not listed on the labeling.<ref name="tripsit">Research Chemicals (Tripsit) | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Research_Chemicals</ref>
-Several fatal overdoses have occurred due to [[Bromo-DragonFLY]] accidentally being mislabelled by online vendors as both [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly">Information on Reported Deaths Related to 2C-B-FLY Misidentified Substance is Most Likely Bromo-dragonfly by the Erowid Crew v1.6 - Nov 9, 2009 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb_fly/2cb_fly_death1.shtml</ref> and [[2C-E]].<ref name="2ce">Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref name="2ce2">Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | http://www.newson6.com/story/14641463/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa</ref> The former is active in the 200-800μg range and is significantly more potent than 2C-E. These situations can be avoided by dosing a minuscule amount of a drug (roughly 0.5 milligrams) and waiting for several hours. This is known as an "allergy test". It is recommended to do this for all new batches of substances.
+Several fatal overdoses have occurred due to [[Bromo-DragonFLY]] accidentally being mislabelled by online vendors as both [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly">Information on Reported Deaths Related to 2C-B-FLY Misidentified Substance is Most Likely Bromo-dragonfly by the Erowid Crew v1.6 - Nov 9, 2009 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb_fly/2cb_fly_death1.shtml</ref> and [[2C-E]].<ref name="2ce">Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref name="2ce2">Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | http://www.newson6.com/story/14641463/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa</ref> The former is active in the 200-800μg range and is significantly more potent than 2C-E. These situations can be avoided by dosing a minuscule amount of a drug (roughly 0.5 milligrams) and waiting for several hours. This is known as an "allergy test". It is recommended to do this for all new batches of substances. Additionally, it is strongly recommended that one uses a milligram scale to accurately measure their doses.
 Anecdotal evidence from users suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying research chemicals at low to moderate doses by themselves and using them sparingly. However, nothing can be guaranteed. For example, in one extreme case, the research chemical [[MPPP]] was found in some cases to contain an impurity called [[MPTP]], which caused brain damage that resulted in a syndrome identical to Parkinson's disease from only a single dose.<ref name="faq"></ref>
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 Pharmacological deaths are fatalities caused by the direct action of the chemical in the body and do not include deaths as a result of inebriated behavior. The content below is an incomplete list.
 ====Synthetic cannabinoids====
 *'''[[MDMB-FUBINACA]]''' - MDMB-FUBINACA has gained a reputation as the most deadly synthetic cannabinoid drug sold to date.<ref>Identification and analytical characteristics of synthetic cannabinoids with an indazole-3-carboxamide structure bearing a N-1-methoxycarbonylalkyl group. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25893797</ref> At least 1000 hospitalisations and 40 deaths have been linked to this drug in media and government reports as of March 2015.<ref>25 killed, over 700 hospitalized: Cheap ‘Spice’ designer drug causes severe poisoning across Russia  | https://www.rt.com/news/193700-russia-spice-deadly-drug</ref><ref>"Clinical presentations of intoxication by new psychoactive compound MDMB(N)-Bz-F. Thesis of The II Scientific and Practical Seminar 'Methodical, Organizational and Law Problems of Chemical and Toxicological Laboratories of Narcological Services', Moscow" (in Russian). | http://www.narkotiki.ru/objects/narkotiki02/1414709242.ppt</ref>
 ====Psychedelics====
 *'''[[AMT]]''' - Deaths from AMT are rare.<ref name="amt">AMT (Alphamethyltryptamine, IT-290) Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/amt/amt_death.shtml</ref><ref name="amt2">Boland DM, Andollo W, Hime GW, Hearn WL. “Fatality due to acute alpha-methyltryptamine intoxication”. J Anal Toxicol. 2005 Jul-Aug;29(5):394-7. | https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6603</ref> But as a powerful [[monoamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] (MRI), injury could occur when excessive doses are taken or when it is taken with drugs such as [[MAOIs]], [[RIMA]]s, [[stimulant]]s and any substance which act as a [[releasing agent]] or [[reuptake inhibitor]] of [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[serotonin]] and [[dopamine]].<ref>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity | http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/4/434</ref>
 *'''[[DOC]]''' - There is one reported death from DOC, however, the toxicology report hasn't been released nor has the presence of DOC been confirmed.<ref>DOC (2,5-Dimethoxy-ChloroAmphetamine) Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/doc/doc_death.shtml</ref>
@@ Line 44: / Line 47: @@
 *'''[[5-MeO-DiPT]]'''<ref>Japanese Death Associated with 5-MeO-DIPT by Erowid v1.1 May 4, 2006 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_dipt/5meo_dipt_media1.shtml</ref>
 *'''[[Bromo-DragonFLY]]''' - Bromo-DragonFLY, accidentally mislabelled as both [[2C-E]]<ref name="2ce">Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref name="2ce2">Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | http://www.newson6.com/story/14641463/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa</ref> and [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly">Information on Reported Deaths Related to 2C-B-FLY Misidentified Substance is Most Likely Bromo-dragonfly by the Erowid Crew v1.6 - Nov 9, 2009 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb_fly/2cb_fly_death1.shtml</ref>, has caused the deaths of three people, possibly due to producing pronounced [[vasoconstriction]] under some circumstances.<ref>Bromo-Dragonfly Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml</ref><ref>A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19091499</ref>
 ====Dissociatives====
 *'''[[MXP]]'''<ref>Elliott SP, Brandt SD, Wallach J, Morris H, Kavanagh PV. “First Reported Fatalities Associated with the 'Research Chemical' 2-Methoxydiphenidine”. J Anal Toxicol. 2015 May;39(4):287-293. | https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=8804</ref>
 ====Opioids====
 *'''[[Acetylfentanyl]]''' - Between March 2013 and May 2013, 14 overdose deaths related to injected acetylfentanyl had occurred in Rhode Island. After confirming five overdoses in one county, including a fatality, Pennsylvania asked coroners and medical examiners across the state to screen for acetylfentanyl, which led to 50 confirmed fatalities and five non-fatal overdoses statewide in 2013.<ref>Ogilvie, Laurie, Christina Stanley, Lauren Lewis, Molly Boyd, Matthew Lozier, Matthew Lozier. "Notes from the Field: Acetyl Fentanyl Overdose Fatalities — Rhode Island, March–May 2013". cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 11 November 2013. | http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6234a5.htm</ref><ref>Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. "Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs warns about acetyl fentanyl: drug caused at least 50 fatalities in 2013 in Pennsylvania.". Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. | http://www.pa.gov/portal/server.pt/document/1345188/department_of_drug_and_alcohol_programs_warns_about_acetyl_fentanyl</ref> Another 5 deaths were reported in Jefferson Parish, New Orleans,<ref> Grunfeld, David (November 1, 2013). "Couple found dead in Old Metairie home killed by lethal new synthetic drug". NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 28 March 2014. | http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/10/couple_found_dead_in_old_metai.html</ref> along with three more in North Carolina.<ref> "DHHS Issues Health Advisory for Deadly New Synthetic Drug". NC DHHS Press Releases. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 27 August 2014. | http://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/dhhs-issues-health-advisory-deadly-new-synthetic-drug</ref>
 *'''[[AH-7921]]'''- In a 2014 study which investigated nine fatalities in which AH-7921 was involved, it was concluded that poly-drug use was not a major contributing factor for the deaths and that a more important factor was the person's tolerance to opiates, which led to an overdose when the drug was taken in excessive amounts.<ref>Fatal Intoxications Associated with the Designer Opioid AH-7921 | http://jat.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/8/599.full</ref>
@@ Line 52: / Line 59: @@
 ====Stimulants====
 *'''[[MDPV]]'''<ref>https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdpv/mdpv_death.shtml</ref>
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 ==External links==
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_chemical Research chemical (Wikipedia)]
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug Designer drug (Wikipedia)]
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_chemical Research chemical (Wikipedia)]
-* [https://erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/ Experimental & Research Chemicals (Erowid Vault)]
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug Designer drug (Wikipedia)]
+*[https://erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/ Experimental & Research Chemicals (Erowid Vault)]
 ==Literature==
 *King, L. A., & Kicman, A. T. (2011). A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3(7‐8), 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.319