Sedative: Difference between revisions

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A '''sedative''' or '''tranquilizer''' or '''tranquilliser''' is a substance that induces [[Sedation|sedation]] by reducing [[Irritability|irritibaility]]<ref name="urlJohns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkinscoloncancercenter.org/index.cfm?cID=194&CFID=1128737&CFTOKEN=20842936 |title=Johns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> or excitement.~~<ref>{{DorlandsDict|seven/000095557|sedative}}</ref>~~

A '''sedative''' or '''tranquilizer''' or '''tranquilliser''' is a substance that induces [[Sedation|sedation]] by reducing [[Irritability|irritibaility]]<ref name="urlJohns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkinscoloncancercenter.org/index.cfm?cID=194&CFID=1128737&CFTOKEN=20842936 |title=Johns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> or excitement.

At higher doses it may result in slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Doses of sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]], when used to induce sleep, tend to be higher than amounts used to relieve [[Anxiety|anxiety]], whereas only low doses are needed to provide a peaceful effect.<ref>{{cite journal |~~author~~=Montenegro M, Veiga H, Deslandes A~~, et al~~. |title=[Neuromodulatory effects of caffeine and bromazepam on visual event-related potential (P300): a comparative study.] |journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr |volume=63 |issue=2B |pages=410–5 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16059590 |doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2005000300009 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2005000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en }}</ref>

At higher doses it may result in slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Doses of sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]], when used to induce sleep, tend to be higher than amounts used to relieve [[Anxiety|anxiety]], whereas only low doses are needed to provide a peaceful effect.<ref>{{cite journal |author1-last=Montenegro|author1-first=M.|author2-last=Veiga|author2-first=H.|author3-last=Deslandes|author3-first=A.|author4-last=Cagy|author4-first=M.|author5-last=McDowell|author5-first=K.|author6-last=Pompeu|author6-first=F.|author7-last=Piedade|author7-first=R.|author8-last=Ribeiro|author8-first=P.|title=[Neuromodulatory effects of caffeine and bromazepam on visual event-related potential (P300): a comparative study.] |journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr |volume=63 |issue=2B |pages=410–5 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16059590 |doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2005000300009 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2005000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en }}</ref>

Sedatives can be misused to produce an overly-calming effect with [[alcohol]] being the classic and most common sedating drug). In the event of an overdose or if combined with another sedative, many of these drugs can cause unconsciousness (see [[hypnotic]]) and even [[death]].

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==Sedative dependence==

Some sedatives can cause physiological and psychological dependence when taken regularly over a period of time, even at therapeutic doses.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = J Biomed Sci |date=March 2007 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 285–97 | title = Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor mediates suanzaorentang, a traditional Chinese herb remedy, -induced sleep alteration | author = Yi PL |author2=Tsai CH |author3=Chen YC |author4=Chang FC | pmid = 17151826 | doi = 10.1007/s11373-006-9137-z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Pharmacol Ther |date=December 2006 | volume = 112 | issue = 3 | pages = 612–29 | title = Treating insomnia: Current and investigational pharmacological approaches | author = Ebert B |author2=Wafford KA |author3=Deacon S | pmid = 16876255 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ann Ital Med Int |~~date~~=~~Oct–December~~ 1998 | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 237–9 | title = [Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a headache medication] | author = Sarrecchia C |author2=Sordillo P |author3=Conte G |author4=Rocchi G | pmid = 10349206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol |date=October 2002 | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 451–6 | title = Who seeks treatment for alcohol dependence? Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | ~~author~~ = Proudfoot H | ~~coauthors~~ = Teesson M; Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | pmid = 12242622 | doi = 10.1007/s00127-002-0576-1 }}</ref> Dependent users may get withdrawal symptoms ranging from restlessness and insomnia to convulsions and death. When users become psychologically dependent, they feel as if they need the drug to function, although physical dependence does not necessarily occur, particularly with a short course of use. In both types of dependences, finding and using the sedative becomes the focus in life. Both physical and psychological dependence can be treated with therapy. (see [http://www.mentalhealth.com/rx/p23-sb10.html Sedative Dependence]).

Some sedatives can cause physiological and psychological dependence when taken regularly over a period of time, even at therapeutic doses.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = J Biomed Sci |date=March 2007 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 285–97 | title = Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor mediates suanzaorentang, a traditional Chinese herb remedy, -induced sleep alteration | author = Yi PL |author2=Tsai CH |author3=Chen YC |author4=Chang FC | pmid = 17151826 | doi = 10.1007/s11373-006-9137-z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Pharmacol Ther |date=December 2006 | volume = 112 | issue = 3 | pages = 612–29 | title = Treating insomnia: Current and investigational pharmacological approaches | author = Ebert B |author2=Wafford KA |author3=Deacon S | pmid = 16876255 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ann Ital Med Int |year=1998 | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 237–9 | title = [Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a headache medication] | author = Sarrecchia C |author2=Sordillo P |author3=Conte G |author4=Rocchi G | pmid = 10349206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol |date=October 2002 | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 451–6 | title = Who seeks treatment for alcohol dependence? Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | author1-last = Proudfoot|author1-first=H.| author2-last=Teesson|author2-first=M. ; Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | pmid = 12242622 | doi = 10.1007/s00127-002-0576-1 }}</ref> Dependent users may get withdrawal symptoms ranging from restlessness and insomnia to convulsions and death. When users become psychologically dependent, they feel as if they need the drug to function, although physical dependence does not necessarily occur, particularly with a short course of use. In both types of dependences, finding and using the sedative becomes the focus in life. Both physical and psychological dependence can be treated with therapy. (see [http://www.mentalhealth.com/rx/p23-sb10.html Sedative Dependence]).

==Dangers of combining sedatives and alcohol==

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 {{Stub}}
-A '''sedative''' or '''tranquilizer''' or '''tranquilliser'''  is a substance that induces [[Sedation|sedation]] by reducing [[Irritability|irritibaility]]<ref name="urlJohns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkinscoloncancercenter.org/index.cfm?cID=194&CFID=1128737&CFTOKEN=20842936 |title=Johns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> or excitement.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|seven/000095557|sedative}}</ref>
+A '''sedative''' or '''tranquilizer''' or '''tranquilliser'''  is a substance that induces [[Sedation|sedation]] by reducing [[Irritability|irritibaility]]<ref name="urlJohns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkinscoloncancercenter.org/index.cfm?cID=194&CFID=1128737&CFTOKEN=20842936 |title=Johns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> or excitement.
-At higher doses it may result in slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Doses of sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]], when used to induce sleep, tend to be higher than amounts used to relieve [[Anxiety|anxiety]], whereas only low doses are needed to provide a peaceful effect.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Montenegro M, Veiga H, Deslandes A, et al. |title=[Neuromodulatory effects of caffeine and bromazepam on visual event-related potential (P300): a comparative study.] |journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr |volume=63 |issue=2B |pages=410–5 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16059590 |doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2005000300009  |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2005000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en }}</ref>
+At higher doses it may result in slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Doses of sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]], when used to induce sleep, tend to be higher than amounts used to relieve [[Anxiety|anxiety]], whereas only low doses are needed to provide a peaceful effect.<ref>{{cite journal |author1-last=Montenegro|author1-first=M.|author2-last=Veiga|author2-first=H.|author3-last=Deslandes|author3-first=A.|author4-last=Cagy|author4-first=M.|author5-last=McDowell|author5-first=K.|author6-last=Pompeu|author6-first=F.|author7-last=Piedade|author7-first=R.|author8-last=Ribeiro|author8-first=P.|title=[Neuromodulatory effects of caffeine and bromazepam on visual event-related potential (P300): a comparative study.] |journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr |volume=63 |issue=2B |pages=410–5 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16059590 |doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2005000300009  |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2005000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en }}</ref>
 Sedatives can be misused to produce an overly-calming effect with [[alcohol]] being the classic and most common sedating drug). In the event of an overdose or if combined with another sedative, many of these drugs can cause unconsciousness (see [[hypnotic]]) and even [[death]].
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==Sedative dependence==
-Some sedatives can cause physiological and psychological dependence when taken regularly over a period of time, even at therapeutic doses.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = J Biomed Sci |date=March 2007 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 285–97 | title = Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor mediates suanzaorentang, a traditional Chinese herb remedy, -induced sleep alteration | author = Yi PL |author2=Tsai CH |author3=Chen YC |author4=Chang FC  | pmid = 17151826 | doi = 10.1007/s11373-006-9137-z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Pharmacol Ther |date=December 2006 | volume = 112 | issue = 3 | pages = 612–29 | title = Treating insomnia: Current and investigational pharmacological approaches | author = Ebert B |author2=Wafford KA |author3=Deacon S  | pmid = 16876255 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ann Ital Med Int |date=Oct–December 1998 | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 237–9 | title = [Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a headache medication] | author = Sarrecchia C |author2=Sordillo P |author3=Conte G |author4=Rocchi G  | pmid = 10349206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol |date=October 2002 | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 451–6 | title = Who seeks treatment for alcohol dependence? Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | author = Proudfoot H | coauthors = Teesson M; Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | pmid = 12242622 | doi = 10.1007/s00127-002-0576-1 }}</ref> Dependent users may get withdrawal symptoms ranging from restlessness and insomnia to convulsions and death. When users become psychologically dependent, they feel as if they need the drug to function, although physical dependence does not necessarily occur, particularly with a short course of use. In both types of dependences, finding and using the sedative becomes the focus in life.  Both physical and psychological dependence can be treated with therapy. (see [http://www.mentalhealth.com/rx/p23-sb10.html Sedative Dependence]).
+Some sedatives can cause physiological and psychological dependence when taken regularly over a period of time, even at therapeutic doses.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = J Biomed Sci |date=March 2007 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 285–97 | title = Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor mediates suanzaorentang, a traditional Chinese herb remedy, -induced sleep alteration | author = Yi PL |author2=Tsai CH |author3=Chen YC |author4=Chang FC  | pmid = 17151826 | doi = 10.1007/s11373-006-9137-z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Pharmacol Ther |date=December 2006 | volume = 112 | issue = 3 | pages = 612–29 | title = Treating insomnia: Current and investigational pharmacological approaches | author = Ebert B |author2=Wafford KA |author3=Deacon S  | pmid = 16876255 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ann Ital Med Int |year=1998 | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 237–9 | title = [Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a headache medication] | author = Sarrecchia C |author2=Sordillo P |author3=Conte G |author4=Rocchi G  | pmid = 10349206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol |date=October 2002 | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 451–6 | title = Who seeks treatment for alcohol dependence? Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | author1-last = Proudfoot|author1-first=H.| author2-last=Teesson|author2-first=M. ; Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing | pmid = 12242622 | doi = 10.1007/s00127-002-0576-1 }}</ref> Dependent users may get withdrawal symptoms ranging from restlessness and insomnia to convulsions and death. When users become psychologically dependent, they feel as if they need the drug to function, although physical dependence does not necessarily occur, particularly with a short course of use. In both types of dependences, finding and using the sedative becomes the focus in life.  Both physical and psychological dependence can be treated with therapy. (see [http://www.mentalhealth.com/rx/p23-sb10.html Sedative Dependence]).
 ==Dangers of combining sedatives and alcohol==