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Sleepiness: Difference between revisions
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<onlyinclude>'''Sleepiness''' (also known as '''drowsiness''') is a state of near-sleep, or a strong desire for sleep without feeling a decrease in one's physical energy levels.<ref name="DSM5Glossary">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 829. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms</ref><ref>Guilleminault, C., & Brooks, S. N. (2001). Excessive daytime sleepiness: a challenge for the practising neurologist. Brain, 124(8), 1482-1491. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.8.1482</ref><ref>Bereshpolova, Y., Stoelzel, C. R., Zhuang, J., Amitai, Y., Alonso, J. M., & Swadlow, H. A. (2011). Getting drowsy? Alert/nonalert transitions and visual thalamocortical network dynamics. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(48), 17480-17487. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2262-11.2011</ref> This state is independent of a circadian rhythm;<ref name="DSM5Glossary"/> so, unlike [[sedation]], this effect does not necessarily decrease physical energy levels but instead decreases [[wakefulness]]. It results in a propensity for tired, clouded, and sleep-prone behaviour. This can lead into a decreased motivation to perform tasks, as the increase in one's desire to sleep begins to outweigh other considerations. Prolonged exposure to this effect without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]] and a range of other cognitive suppressions. | <onlyinclude>'''Sleepiness''' (also known as '''drowsiness''') is a state of near-sleep, or a strong desire for sleep without feeling a decrease in one's physical energy levels.<ref name="DSM5Glossary">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 829. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms</ref><ref>Guilleminault, C., & Brooks, S. N. (2001). Excessive daytime sleepiness: a challenge for the practising neurologist. Brain, 124(8), 1482-1491. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.8.1482</ref><ref>Bereshpolova, Y., Stoelzel, C. R., Zhuang, J., Amitai, Y., Alonso, J. M., & Swadlow, H. A. (2011). Getting drowsy? Alert/nonalert transitions and visual thalamocortical network dynamics. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(48), 17480-17487. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2262-11.2011</ref> This state is independent of a circadian rhythm;<ref name="DSM5Glossary"/> so, unlike [[sedation]], this effect does not necessarily decrease physical energy levels but instead decreases [[wakefulness]]. It results in a propensity for tired, clouded, and sleep-prone behaviour. This can lead into a decreased motivation to perform tasks, as the increase in one's desire to sleep begins to outweigh other considerations. Prolonged exposure to this effect without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]] and a range of other cognitive suppressions. | ||
Sleepiness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]],<ref> | Sleepiness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]],<ref name="WareWang2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ware|first1=M. A.|last2=Wang|first2=T.|last3=Shapiro|first3=S.|last4=Robinson|first4=A.|last5=Ducruet|first5=T.|last6=Huynh|first6=T.|last7=Gamsa|first7=A.|last8=Bennett|first8=G. J.|last9=Collet|first9=J.-P.|title=Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=182|issue=14|year=2010|pages=E694–E701|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.091414}}</ref> [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref name="LandauerHowat2007">{{cite journal|last1=Landauer|first1=Ali A.|last2=Howat|first2=Peter|title=Low and moderate alcohol doses, psychomotor performance and perceived drowsiness|journal=Ergonomics|volume=26|issue=7|year=2007|pages=647–657|issn=0014-0139|doi=10.1080/00140138308963386}}</ref><ref name="Koch-WeserGreenblatt1983">{{cite journal|last1=Koch-Weser|first1=Jan|last2=Greenblatt|first2=David J.|last3=Shader|first3=Richard I.|last4=Abernethy|first4=Darrell R.|title=Current Status of Benzodiazepines|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=309|issue=7|year=1983|pages=410–416|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090705}}</ref> [[opioid|opioids]],<ref>Corey, P. J., Heck, A. M., & Weathermon, R. A. (1999). Amphetamines to counteract opioid-induced sedation. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 33(12), 1362-1366. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.19024</ref> [[antipsychotic|antipsychotics]],<ref name="Van Putten1981">{{cite journal|last1=Van Putten|first1=Theodore|title=Subjective Response to Antipsychotic Drugs|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=38|issue=2|year=1981|pages=187|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780270073010}}</ref><ref name="ArtaloytiaArango2006">{{cite journal|last1=Artaloytia|first1=Juan Francisco|last2=Arango|first2=Celso|last3=Lahti|first3=Adrienne|last4=Sanz|first4=Javier|last5=Pascual|first5=Ana|last6=Cubero|first6=Pedro|last7=Prieto|first7=David|last8=Palomo|first8=Tomás|title=Negative Signs and Symptoms Secondary to Antipsychotics: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of a Single Dose of Placebo, Haloperidol, and Risperidone in Healthy Volunteers|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=163|issue=3|year=2006|pages=488–493|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.488}}</ref> some [[antihistamine|antihistamines]],<ref name="WeilerBloomfield2000">{{cite journal|last1=Weiler|first1=John M.|last2=Bloomfield|first2=John R.|last3=Woodworth|first3=George G.|last4=Grant|first4=Angela R.|last5=Layton|first5=Teresa A.|last6=Brown|first6=Timothy L.|last7=McKenzie|first7=David R.|last8=Baker|first8=Thomas W.|last9=Watson|first9=Ginger S.|title=Effects of Fexofenadine, Diphenhydramine, and Alcohol on Driving Performance|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=132|issue=5|year=2000|pages=354|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00004}}</ref> and certain [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[hypnotic|hypnotics]].</onlyinclude> | ||
===Psychoactive substances=== | ===Psychoactive substances=== | ||
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | ||