Motivation depression: Difference between revisions

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<onlyinclude>'''Motivation suppression''' (also known as '''amotivation''')<ref>Fervaha, G., Takeuchi, H., Lee, J., Foussias, G., Fletcher, P. J., Agid, O., & Remington, G. (2015). Antipsychotics and amotivation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(6), 1539. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2015.3</ref> is a decreased desire to ~~perform tasks~~ and ~~accomplish goals~~ in ~~a productive manner~~. ~~This typically~~ includes tasks ~~and goals~~ deemed challenging or unpleasant, such as working, studying, cleaning, and doing general chores. At its higher levels, motivation suppression can cause one to lose their desire to engage in any activities, even the ones that would usually be considered entertaining or rewarding to the user. This effect can lead onto severe states of boredom and even mild [[depression]] when experienced at a high level of intensity for prolonged periods of time.

<onlyinclude>'''Motivation suppression''' (also known as '''avolition''' or '''amotivation''')<ref name="Fervaha2015">Fervaha, G., Takeuchi, H., Lee, J., Foussias, G., Fletcher, P. J., Agid, O., & Remington, G. (2015). Antipsychotics and amotivation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(6), 1539. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2015.3</ref> is a decreased desire to initiate or persist in goal-directed behavior.<ref>Suk Lee, J., Jung, S., Park, I. H., & Kim, J. J. (2015). Neural basis of anhedonia and amotivation in patients with schizophrenia: the role of reward system. Current neuropharmacology, 13(6), 750-759. https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X13666150612230333</ref><ref>Barch, D. M., & Dowd, E. C. (2010). Goal representations and motivational drive in schizophrenia: the role of prefrontal–striatal interactions. Schizophrenia bulletin, 36(5), 919-934. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbq068</ref> Motivation suppression prevents an individual the ability to sustain the rewarding value of an action into an uncertain future; this includes tasks deemed challenging or unpleasant, such as working, studying, cleaning, and doing general chores. At its higher levels, motivation suppression can cause one to lose their desire to engage in any activities, even the ones that would usually be considered entertaining or rewarding to the user. This effect can lead onto severe states of boredom and even mild [[depression]] when experienced at a high level of intensity for prolonged periods of time.

Motivation suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[sedation]] and [[thought deceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage~~#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages~~]] of [[antipsychotic]] ~~compounds~~, such as [[quetiapine]], [[haloperidol]], and [[risperidone]]. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[cannabinoids]], [[benzodiazepines]], during the [[duration#offset|offset]] of [[stimulant|stimulants]], and during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of almost any compound.

Motivation suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[sedation]] and [[thought deceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of an acute [[dosage]] of an [[antipsychotic]] compound, such as [[quetiapine]], [[haloperidol]], and [[risperidone]].<ref>Artaloytia, J. F., Arango, C., Lahti, A., Sanz, J., Pascual, A., Cubero, P., ... & Palomo, T. (2006). Negative signs and symptoms secondary to antipsychotics: a double-blind, randomized trial of a single dose of placebo, haloperidol, and risperidone in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), 488-493. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.488</ref><ref>Saeedi, H., Remington, G., & Christensen, B. K. (2006). Impact of haloperidol, a dopamine D2 antagonist, on cognition and mood. Schizophrenia Research, 85(1-3), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.033</ref> However, it is worth noting that chronic treatment with any [[dosage|dose]] of [[antipsychotic]] medication does not cause this effect.<ref name="Fervaha2015"/> It can also occur under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[cannabinoids]]<ref>Lawn, W., Freeman, T. P., Pope, R. A., Joye, A., Harvey, L., Hindocha, C., ... & Das, R. K. (2016). Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: an evaluation of the cannabis ‘amotivational’hypotheses. Psychopharmacology, 233(19-20), 3537-3552. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-016-4383-x</ref> and [[benzodiazepines]], as a result of long-term SSRI usage,<ref>Starcevic, V. (2014). The reappraisal of benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety and related disorders. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 14(11), 1275-1286. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2014.963057</ref> during the [[duration#offset|offset]] of [[stimulant|stimulants]], and during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of almost any compound.

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===Psychoactive substances===

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-<onlyinclude>'''Motivation suppression''' (also known as '''amotivation''')<ref>Fervaha, G., Takeuchi, H., Lee, J., Foussias, G., Fletcher, P. J., Agid, O., & Remington, G. (2015). Antipsychotics and amotivation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(6), 1539. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2015.3</ref> is a decreased desire to perform tasks and accomplish goals in a productive manner. This typically includes tasks and goals deemed challenging or unpleasant, such as working, studying, cleaning, and doing general chores. At its higher levels, motivation suppression can cause one to lose their desire to engage in any activities, even the ones that would usually be considered entertaining or rewarding to the user. This effect can lead onto severe states of boredom and even mild [[depression]] when experienced at a high level of intensity for prolonged periods of time.
+<onlyinclude>'''Motivation suppression''' (also known as '''avolition''' or '''amotivation''')<ref name="Fervaha2015">Fervaha, G., Takeuchi, H., Lee, J., Foussias, G., Fletcher, P. J., Agid, O., & Remington, G. (2015). Antipsychotics and amotivation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(6), 1539. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2015.3</ref> is a decreased desire to initiate or persist in goal-directed behavior.<ref>Suk Lee, J., Jung, S., Park, I. H., & Kim, J. J. (2015). Neural basis of anhedonia and amotivation in patients with schizophrenia: the role of reward system. Current neuropharmacology, 13(6), 750-759. https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X13666150612230333</ref><ref>Barch, D. M., & Dowd, E. C. (2010). Goal representations and motivational drive in schizophrenia: the role of prefrontal–striatal interactions. Schizophrenia bulletin, 36(5), 919-934. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbq068</ref> Motivation suppression prevents an individual the ability to sustain the rewarding value of an action into an uncertain future; this includes tasks deemed challenging or unpleasant, such as working, studying, cleaning, and doing general chores. At its higher levels, motivation suppression can cause one to lose their desire to engage in any activities, even the ones that would usually be considered entertaining or rewarding to the user. This effect can lead onto severe states of boredom and even mild [[depression]] when experienced at a high level of intensity for prolonged periods of time.
-Motivation suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[sedation]] and [[thought deceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[antipsychotic]] compounds, such as [[quetiapine]], [[haloperidol]], and [[risperidone]]. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[cannabinoids]], [[benzodiazepines]], during the [[duration#offset|offset]] of [[stimulant|stimulants]], and during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of almost any compound.
+Motivation suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[sedation]] and [[thought deceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of an acute [[dosage]] of an [[antipsychotic]] compound, such as [[quetiapine]], [[haloperidol]], and [[risperidone]].<ref>Artaloytia, J. F., Arango, C., Lahti, A., Sanz, J., Pascual, A., Cubero, P., ... & Palomo, T. (2006). Negative signs and symptoms secondary to antipsychotics: a double-blind, randomized trial of a single dose of placebo, haloperidol, and risperidone in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), 488-493. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.488</ref><ref>Saeedi, H., Remington, G., & Christensen, B. K. (2006). Impact of haloperidol, a dopamine D2 antagonist, on cognition and mood. Schizophrenia Research, 85(1-3), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.033</ref> However, it is worth noting that chronic treatment with any [[dosage|dose]] of [[antipsychotic]] medication does not cause this effect.<ref name="Fervaha2015"/> It can also occur under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[cannabinoids]]<ref>Lawn, W., Freeman, T. P., Pope, R. A., Joye, A., Harvey, L., Hindocha, C., ... & Das, R. K. (2016). Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: an evaluation of the cannabis ‘amotivational’hypotheses. Psychopharmacology, 233(19-20), 3537-3552. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-016-4383-x</ref> and [[benzodiazepines]], as a result of long-term SSRI usage,<ref>Starcevic, V. (2014). The reappraisal of benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety and related disorders. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 14(11), 1275-1286. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2014.963057</ref> during the [[duration#offset|offset]] of [[stimulant|stimulants]], and during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of almost any compound.
 </onlyinclude>
 ===Psychoactive substances===