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Talk:Yohimbine: Difference between revisions
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Yohimbine, an alpha-2 [[adrenergic]] [[receptor]] [[antagonist]], is an indole [[alkaloid]] found in numerous botanical sources. It is the predominant alkaloid in extracts from the bark of the [[wikipedia:Pausinystalia johimbe|''Pausinystalia johimbe'']] tree, and can also be found in [[wikipedia:Rauwolfia|''Rauwolfia'']] root.<ref>Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383988627</ref> Many of its effects are attributed to its α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity, which increases central sympathetic outflow and raises [[Increased blood pressure|blood pressure]], [[Increased heart rate|heart rate]], and [[norepinephrine]] levels.<ref name="Interactions">Interactions between Nutraceuticals/Nutrients and Therapeutic Drugs | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021477000607</ref> | Yohimbine, an alpha-2 [[adrenergic]] [[receptor]] [[antagonist]], is an indole [[alkaloid]] found in numerous botanical sources. It is the predominant alkaloid in extracts from the bark of the [[wikipedia:Pausinystalia johimbe|''Pausinystalia johimbe'']] tree, and can also be found in [[wikipedia:Rauwolfia|''Rauwolfia'']] root.<ref>Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383988627</ref> Many of its effects are attributed to its α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity, which increases central sympathetic outflow and raises [[Increased blood pressure|blood pressure]], [[Increased heart rate|heart rate]], and [[norepinephrine]] levels.<ref name="Interactions">Interactions between Nutraceuticals/Nutrients and Therapeutic Drugs | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021477000607</ref> | ||
Yohimbine is also used as a mydriatic and sympatholytic and has been suggested as an antidote to [[clonidine]] and [[wikipedia:xylazine|xylazine]] overdose.<ref>Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543007995</ref> | Yohimbine is also used as a mydriatic and sympatholytic and has been suggested as an antidote to [[clonidine]] and [[wikipedia:xylazine|xylazine]] overdose.<ref>Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543007995</ref> | ||
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==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
{{chemistry}} | {{chemistry}} | ||
Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid molecule of the indoloquinolizidine chemical class. Analyses of yohimbe bark indicate that the average total indole alkaloid content is approximately 3–6%, with approximately 10–15% of the alkaloids being yohimbine; in addition to yohimbine and its isomers (α-yohimbine, β-yohimbine, allo-yohimbine), these alkaloids include ajmaline, dihydroyohimbine, corynantheidine, dihydrocorynantheine, and corynanthine (rauhimbin).<ref name="Interactions"/> | Yohimbine is an indole [[alkaloid]] molecule of the indoloquinolizidine chemical class. Analyses of yohimbe bark indicate that the average total indole alkaloid content is approximately 3–6%, with approximately 10–15% of the alkaloids being yohimbine; in addition to yohimbine and its isomers (α-yohimbine, β-yohimbine, allo-yohimbine), these alkaloids include ajmaline, dihydroyohimbine, corynantheidine, dihydrocorynantheine, and corynanthine (rauhimbin).<ref name="Interactions"/> | ||
Most often, yohimbine is used in the form of hydrochloride. | Most often, yohimbine is used in the form of hydrochloride. | ||
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|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
Yohimbine pretty much gives body energy while doing very little for mind. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''<ref>Yohimbine and rauwolscine reduce food intake of genetically obese (obob) and lean mice. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6145164</ref> | *'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''<ref>Yohimbine and rauwolscine reduce food intake of genetically obese (obob) and lean mice. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6145164</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''<ref name="Toxic"/> | *'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''<ref name="Toxic"/> | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - Generally, this effect is rare and less pronounced than with classical [[stimulants]]. | *'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - Generally, this effect is rare and less pronounced than with classical [[stimulants]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - Yohimbine can increase impulsivity.<ref name="Sport">An Overview of Yohimbine in Sports Medicine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128054130000156</ref> | *'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - Yohimbine can increase impulsivity.<ref name="Sport">An Overview of Yohimbine in Sports Medicine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128054130000156</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Many users report that yohimbine in a dosage of up to 1 mg has a positive effect on the brightness of sleep and its memory. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - Yohimbine makes whatever cognitive, especially emotional, sensation more intense. That sensation intensified could be positive or negative, it just depends on the context. | *'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - Yohimbine makes whatever cognitive, especially emotional, sensation more intense. That sensation intensified could be positive or negative, it just depends on the context. | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{toxicity}} | |||
Yohimbine has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a careful context, it presents few negative cognitive, psychiatric or toxic physical consequences, though some exist. The side effects of yohimbine are clearly dose-dependent, are generally apparent at doses much higher than the claimed therapeutic doses. Generally all reported side effects of yohimbine are reversible and resolve spontaneously within a relatively short time after termination of the drug therapy<ref name="Review"/>, and most individuals who experience the inadvertent use of toxic doses will recover after a relatively short period of expectant restoration, which is measured in hours. Deaths from yohimbine overdosing are uncommonly reported but nonetheless published.<ref name="Sport"/> Higher doses (200 – 5,000 mg) result in stronger side effects and can be toxic to the brain. Extremely high doses (above 5,000 mg) can be lethal.<ref name="Intoxication">Case study: two fatal case reports of acute yohimbine intoxication. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846025</ref> | Yohimbine has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a careful context, it presents few negative cognitive, psychiatric or toxic physical consequences, though some exist. The side effects of yohimbine are clearly dose-dependent, are generally apparent at doses much higher than the claimed therapeutic doses. Generally all reported side effects of yohimbine are reversible and resolve spontaneously within a relatively short time after termination of the drug therapy<ref name="Review"/>, and most individuals who experience the inadvertent use of toxic doses will recover after a relatively short period of expectant restoration, which is measured in hours. Deaths from yohimbine overdosing are uncommonly reported but nonetheless published.<ref name="Sport"/> Higher doses (200 – 5,000 mg) result in stronger side effects and can be toxic to the brain. Extremely high doses (above 5,000 mg) can be lethal.<ref name="Intoxication">Case study: two fatal case reports of acute yohimbine intoxication. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846025</ref> | ||