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Talk:4-CA: Difference between revisions
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{{Warning/4-CA}} | {{Warning/4-CA}} | ||
{{Distinguish|4-CMA}} | {{Distinguish|4-CMA|4-FA}} | ||
{{SummarySheet}} | {{SummarySheet}} | ||
{{SubstanceBox/4-CA}} | {{SubstanceBox/4-CA}} | ||
'''4-Chloroamphetamine''' (also known as '''4-CA''', '''4-CMP''', '''''para''-Chloroamphetamine''', '''PCA''' and '''P-CMP''') is a novel, synthetic [[chemical class::amphetamine|substituted amphetamine]] that induces a mixture of [[psychoactive class::entactogen|entactogenic]] and [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. | '''4-Chloroamphetamine''' (also known as '''4-CA''', '''4-CMP''', '''''para''-Chloroamphetamine''', '''PCA''' and '''P-CMP''') is a novel, synthetic [[chemical class::amphetamine|substituted amphetamine]] that induces a mixture of [[psychoactive class::entactogen|entactogenic]] and [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. | ||
4-CA is known for its severe [[Releasing_agent#Neurotoxicity|neurotoxicity]] and was found to selectively destruct serotonergic neurons in animal study.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller|first1=Krys J.|last2=Anderholm|first2=David C.|last3=Ames|first3=Matthew M.|date=1986|title=Metabolic activation of the serotonergic neurotoxin para-chloroamphetamine to chemically reactive intermediates by hepatic and brain microsomal preparations|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=35|issue=10|pages=1737-1742|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(86)90332-1|issn=0006-2952}}</ref> | 4-CA is known for its severe [[Releasing_agent#Neurotoxicity|neurotoxicity]] and was found to selectively destruct serotonergic neurons in animal study.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Krys J.|last2=Anderholm|first2=David C.|last3=Ames|first3=Matthew M.|date=1986|title=Metabolic activation of the serotonergic neurotoxin para-chloroamphetamine to chemically reactive intermediates by hepatic and brain microsomal preparations|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=35|issue=10|pages=1737-1742|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(86)90332-1|issn=0006-2952}}</ref> | ||
It is highly recommended to avoid the use of this substance and to use [[harm reduction]] practices if done anyway. | It is highly recommended to avoid the use of this substance and to use [[harm reduction]] practices if done anyway. | ||
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==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
{{historyStub}} | {{historyStub}} | ||
In 1963, the effects of [[4-CMA]] were described by the Swiss researchers Pletscher, Burkard, Bruderer and Gey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pletscher|first1=A.|last2=Burkard|first2=W.P.|last3=Bruderer|first3=H.|last4=Gey|first4=K.F.|date=1963|title=Decrease of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid by an arylalkylamine|journal=Life Sciences|volume=2|issue=11|pages=828-833|doi=10.1016/0024-3205(63)90094-8|issn=0024-3205}}</ref> Due to their results, several other chlorinated analogs of amphetamine, including 4-CA had been synthesized by the American pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company. They were evaluated as appetite suppressants.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fuller|first1=Ray W.|date=1992|title=Effects of ''p''-chloroamphetamine on brain serotonin neurons|journal=Neurochemical Research|volume=17|issue=5|pages=449–456|doi=10.1007/BF00969891|issn=1573-6903}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owen Jr.|first1=John E.|date=1963|title=Psychopharmacological Studies of Some 1-(Chlorophenyl)-2-aminopropanes I: Effects on Appetitive-Controlled Behavior|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=52|issue=7|pages=679-683|doi=10.1002/jps.2600520716|issn=0022-3549}}</ref> U.S. American biochemist Ray W. Fuller and collegues resynthesized these compounds and found that 4-CA was the most potent serotonin depletor.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fuller|first1=Ray W.|last2=Hines|first2=C.W.|last3=Mills|first3=J.|date=1965|title=Lowering of brain serotonin level by chloramphetamines|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=483-488|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(65)90221-2|issn=0006-2952}}</ref> | |||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||