Anadenanthera peregrina: Difference between revisions

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'''Anadenanthera peregrina''' (also known as '''Yopo''', '''Jopo''', or '''Cohoba''') is a [[Perennial plant (botany)|perennial]] tree native to the Caribbean and South America.

Anadenanthera beans have been noted to contain [[bufotenin]] in significant quantities alongside lesser amounts of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[DMT]], all of which have a long history of use as a [[entheogens]].

Anadenanthera beans have been noted to contain [[bufotenin]] in significant quantities alongside lesser amounts of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[DMT]], all of which have a long history of use as [[entheogens]].

[[File:Yanomami-yopo.jpg|thumbnail]]

==History and culture==

Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>Pagán-Jiménez, J., & Carlson, L. (2014). Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico. Latin American Antiquity, 25(1), 101-116.</ref>

Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>Pagán-Jiménez, J., & Carlson, L. (2014). Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico. Latin American Antiquity, 25(1), 101-116.</ref> Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of [[ayahuasca]].

Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.{{citation needed}} Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>Juan P. Ogalde; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)". Latin American Antiquity. 21 (4): 441–450.</ref>

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.{{citation needed}}

==Entheogenic uses==

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===Snuff===

Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas, the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms~~. Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of [[ayahuasca]]~~.

Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas, the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms.

Inhaling Yopo can cause considerable pain in nostrils. However, this pain usually subsides within minutes. Physical effects include tingling and numbness throughout the body and an [[increased heart rate]]. The hallucinatory effects follow as [[color enhancement|colors become enhanced]] and shapes appear to [[Drifting#Morphing|morph]]. The effects of Yopo intensify quickly but gradually fade and are replaced by [[nausea]] and general bodily discomfort.

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===Use with [[MAOIs]]===

Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', an herb containing [[MAOIs]].<ref name="Torres /> Typically Banisteriopsis caapi is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.~~[13]~~ Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="Torres" /> Moderate amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' have been reported to effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.

Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', an herb containing [[MAOIs]].<ref name="Torres /> Typically ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.<ref name="Torres" /> Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="Torres" /> Moderate amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' have been reported to effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.

==Psychoactive components==

==~~Active~~ components==

===Bufotenin===

The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% bufotenin.<ref name="Ott"> Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001</ref> At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated bufotenin<ref name="Ott" /> requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 '''Anadenanthera peregrina''' (also known as '''Yopo''', '''Jopo''', or '''Cohoba''') is a [[Perennial plant (botany)|perennial]] tree native to the Caribbean and South America.
-Anadenanthera beans have been noted to contain [[bufotenin]] in significant quantities alongside lesser amounts of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[DMT]], all of which have a long history of use as a [[entheogens]].
+Anadenanthera beans have been noted to contain [[bufotenin]] in significant quantities alongside lesser amounts of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[DMT]], all of which have a long history of use as [[entheogens]].
 [[File:Yanomami-yopo.jpg|thumbnail]]
 ==History and culture==
-Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>Pagán-Jiménez, J., & Carlson, L. (2014). Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico. Latin American Antiquity, 25(1), 101-116.</ref>
+Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>Pagán-Jiménez, J., & Carlson, L. (2014). Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico. Latin American Antiquity, 25(1), 101-116.</ref> Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of [[ayahuasca]].
 Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.{{citation needed}} Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>Juan P. Ogalde; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)". Latin American Antiquity. 21 (4): 441–450.</ref>
-Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.
+Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.{{citation needed}}
 ==Entheogenic uses==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ===Snuff===
-Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas, the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms. Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of [[ayahuasca]].
+Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas, the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms.
 Inhaling Yopo can cause considerable pain in nostrils. However, this pain usually subsides within minutes. Physical effects include tingling and numbness throughout the body and an [[increased heart rate]]. The hallucinatory effects follow as [[color enhancement|colors become enhanced]] and shapes appear to [[Drifting#Morphing|morph]]. The effects of Yopo intensify quickly but gradually fade and are replaced by [[nausea]] and general bodily discomfort.
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 ===Use with [[MAOIs]]===
-Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', an herb containing [[MAOIs]].<ref name="Torres /> Typically Banisteriopsis caapi is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.[13] Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="Torres" /> Moderate amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' have been reported to effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.
+Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', an herb containing [[MAOIs]].<ref name="Torres /> Typically ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.<ref name="Torres" /> Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="Torres" /> Moderate amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' have been reported to effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.
+==Psychoactive components==
-==Active components==
 ===Bufotenin===
 The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% bufotenin.<ref name="Ott"> Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001</ref> At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated bufotenin<ref name="Ott" /> requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.