Research chemicals: Difference between revisions

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==History and culture==

The term designer drug was ~~created~~ in 1984<ref name="Baum">R. M. Baum. New variety of street drugs poses growing problem. Chem. Eng. News 1985, 63, 7.</ref> following the appearance on the illicit drug market in the USA of a number of fentanyl derivatives. They were defined as ‘analogues, or chemical cousins, of controlled substances that are designed to produce effects similar to the controlled substances they mimic’. These highly potent substitutes for heroin caused a number of accidental deaths. A synthetic contaminant (MPTP) in an α‐prodine derivative<ref name="Baum" /> led to chemically induced Parkinson's disease in a number of injecting drug users.<ref name="King">King, L. A., & Kicman, A. T. (2011). A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3(7‐8), 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.319

The term designer drug was coined in 1984<ref name="Baum">R. M. Baum. New variety of street drugs poses growing problem. Chem. Eng. News 1985, 63, 7.</ref> following the appearance on the illicit drug market in the USA of a number of fentanyl derivatives. They were defined as ‘analogues, or chemical cousins, of controlled substances that are designed to produce effects similar to the controlled substances they mimic’. These highly potent substitutes for heroin caused a number of accidental deaths. A synthetic contaminant (MPTP) in an α‐prodine derivative<ref name="Baum" /> led to chemically induced Parkinson's disease in a number of injecting drug users.<ref name="King">King, L. A., & Kicman, A. T. (2011). A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3(7‐8), 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.319

</ref> In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act was amended by the Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement of 1986, which attempted to ban designer drugs preemptively by making it illegal to manufacture, sell, or possess chemicals that were substantially similar in chemistry and pharmacology to Schedule I or Schedule II drugs.<ref>Freye, E. (2009). History of designer drugs. In Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs (pp. 183-189). Springer, Dordrecht.</ref>

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====Opioids====

* Fentanyl analogs

*Fentanyl analogs

**See [https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/tableLandscape.php?domain=pk&property=fentanyl&sort=name Isomer Design's fentanyl landscape] for a list of fentanyl analogs.

**'''[[Acetylfentanyl]]''' - Between March 2013 and May 2013, 14 overdose deaths related to injected acetylfentanyl had occurred in Rhode Island. After confirming five overdoses in one county, including a fatality, Pennsylvania asked coroners and medical examiners across the state to screen for acetylfentanyl, which led to 50 confirmed fatalities and five non-fatal overdoses statewide in 2013.<ref>Ogilvie, Laurie, Christina Stanley, Lauren Lewis, Molly Boyd, Matthew Lozier, Matthew Lozier. "Notes from the Field: Acetyl Fentanyl Overdose Fatalities — Rhode Island, March–May 2013". cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 11 November 2013. | http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6234a5.htm</ref><ref>Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. "Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs warns about acetyl fentanyl: drug caused at least 50 fatalities in 2013 in Pennsylvania.". Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. | http://www.pa.gov/portal/server.pt/document/1345188/department_of_drug_and_alcohol_programs_warns_about_acetyl_fentanyl</ref> Another 5 deaths were reported in Jefferson Parish, New Orleans,<ref> Grunfeld, David (November 1, 2013). "Couple found dead in Old Metairie home killed by lethal new synthetic drug". NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 28 March 2014. | http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/10/couple_found_dead_in_old_metai.html</ref> along with three more in North Carolina.<ref> "DHHS Issues Health Advisory for Deadly New Synthetic Drug". NC DHHS Press Releases. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 27 August 2014. | http://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/dhhs-issues-health-advisory-deadly-new-synthetic-drug</ref>

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 ==History and culture==
-The term designer drug was created in 1984<ref name="Baum">R. M. Baum. New variety of street drugs poses growing problem. Chem. Eng. News 1985, 63, 7.</ref> following the appearance on the illicit drug market in the USA of a number of fentanyl derivatives. They were defined as ‘analogues, or chemical cousins, of controlled substances that are designed to produce effects similar to the controlled substances they mimic’. These highly potent substitutes for heroin caused a number of accidental deaths. A synthetic contaminant (MPTP) in an α‐prodine derivative<ref name="Baum" /> led to chemically induced Parkinson's disease in a number of injecting drug users.<ref name="King">King, L. A., & Kicman, A. T. (2011). A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3(7‐8), 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.319
+The term designer drug was coined in 1984<ref name="Baum">R. M. Baum. New variety of street drugs poses growing problem. Chem. Eng. News 1985, 63, 7.</ref> following the appearance on the illicit drug market in the USA of a number of fentanyl derivatives. They were defined as ‘analogues, or chemical cousins, of controlled substances that are designed to produce effects similar to the controlled substances they mimic’. These highly potent substitutes for heroin caused a number of accidental deaths. A synthetic contaminant (MPTP) in an α‐prodine derivative<ref name="Baum" /> led to chemically induced Parkinson's disease in a number of injecting drug users.<ref name="King">King, L. A., & Kicman, A. T. (2011). A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3(7‐8), 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.319
 </ref>  In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act  was  amended  by  the  Controlled  Substance  Analogue  Enforcement  of  1986, which  attempted  to  ban  designer  drugs  preemptively  by  making  it  illegal  to manufacture, sell, or possess chemicals that were substantially similar in chemistry and pharmacology to Schedule I or Schedule II drugs.<ref>Freye, E. (2009). History of designer drugs. In Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs (pp. 183-189). Springer, Dordrecht.</ref>
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 ====Opioids====
-* Fentanyl analogs
+*Fentanyl analogs
 **See [https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/tableLandscape.php?domain=pk&property=fentanyl&sort=name Isomer Design's fentanyl landscape] for a list of fentanyl analogs.
 **'''[[Acetylfentanyl]]''' - Between March 2013 and May 2013, 14 overdose deaths related to injected acetylfentanyl had occurred in Rhode Island. After confirming five overdoses in one county, including a fatality, Pennsylvania asked coroners and medical examiners across the state to screen for acetylfentanyl, which led to 50 confirmed fatalities and five non-fatal overdoses statewide in 2013.<ref>Ogilvie, Laurie, Christina Stanley, Lauren Lewis, Molly Boyd, Matthew Lozier, Matthew Lozier. "Notes from the Field: Acetyl Fentanyl Overdose Fatalities — Rhode Island, March–May 2013". cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 11 November 2013. | http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6234a5.htm</ref><ref>Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. "Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs warns about acetyl fentanyl: drug caused at least 50 fatalities in 2013 in Pennsylvania.". Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. | http://www.pa.gov/portal/server.pt/document/1345188/department_of_drug_and_alcohol_programs_warns_about_acetyl_fentanyl</ref> Another 5 deaths were reported in Jefferson Parish, New Orleans,<ref> Grunfeld, David (November 1, 2013). "Couple found dead in Old Metairie home killed by lethal new synthetic drug". NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 28 March 2014. | http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/10/couple_found_dead_in_old_metai.html</ref> along with three more in North Carolina.<ref> "DHHS Issues Health Advisory for Deadly New Synthetic Drug". NC DHHS Press Releases. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 27 August 2014. | http://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/dhhs-issues-health-advisory-deadly-new-synthetic-drug</ref>