Diphenidine: Difference between revisions

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'''Diphenidine''' (also known as DPD, DND, 1,2-DEP, and DPH) is a lesser-known novel [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::diarylethylamine]] class. It is structurally similar to [[methoxphenidine]] (MXP) and [[ephenidine]]. It is classified as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref name="wallach">Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., ... & Adejare, A. (2016). Pharmacological investigations of the dissociative ‘legal highs’ diphenidine, methoxphenidine and analogues. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157021</ref>

The synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924. Shortly after the 2013 UK [[arylcyclohexylamine]] ban, diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic cannabinoids in Japanese herbal incense blends, one of which was implicated in a fatal overdose.

The original synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924.{{citation needed}} However, it was not selected for further development. Shortly after the 2013 UK [[arylcyclohexylamine]] ban, diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic cannabinoids in Japanese herbal incense blends, one of which was implicated in a fatal overdose.

[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[motor control loss]], [[pain relief]], [[internal hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[disconnective effects|dissociation]]. Dissociation is a complex mental state characterized by perceptual distortions and feelings of detachment from the environment and one's self. Anecdotal reports describe high doses of diphenidine producing "''bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia''."<ref>From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620/abstract;jsessionid=C8EDD090D25084ED0088835B767DD0B9.f04t02</ref> The effects of diarylethylamines share similarities with [[arylcyclohexylamines]] like [[ketamine]] and [[phencyclidine]] ('''PCP'''), as well as [[dextromethorphan]] ('''DXM''').

Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of diphenidine in humans, and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. ~~Many~~ reports suggest that it may pose different risks than traditional dissociatives. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of diphenidine in humans, and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. Some reports suggest that it may pose different toxicity risks than traditional dissociatives. It is also likely to have moderate to high abuse potential. As a result, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

==History and culture==

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 '''Diphenidine''' (also known as DPD, DND, 1,2-DEP, and DPH) is a lesser-known novel [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::diarylethylamine]] class. It is structurally similar to [[methoxphenidine]] (MXP) and [[ephenidine]]. It is classified as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref name="wallach">Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., ... & Adejare, A. (2016). Pharmacological investigations of the dissociative ‘legal highs’ diphenidine, methoxphenidine and analogues. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157021</ref>
-The synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924. Shortly after the 2013 UK [[arylcyclohexylamine]] ban, diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic cannabinoids in Japanese herbal incense blends, one of which was implicated in a fatal overdose.
+The original synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924.{{citation needed}} However, it was not selected for further development. Shortly after the 2013 UK [[arylcyclohexylamine]] ban, diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic cannabinoids in Japanese herbal incense blends, one of which was implicated in a fatal overdose.
 [[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[motor control loss]], [[pain relief]], [[internal hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[disconnective effects|dissociation]]. Dissociation is a complex mental state characterized by perceptual distortions and feelings of detachment from the environment and one's self. Anecdotal reports describe high doses of diphenidine producing "''bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia''."<ref>From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620/abstract;jsessionid=C8EDD090D25084ED0088835B767DD0B9.f04t02</ref> The effects of diarylethylamines share similarities with [[arylcyclohexylamines]] like [[ketamine]] and [[phencyclidine]] ('''PCP'''), as well as [[dextromethorphan]] ('''DXM''').
-Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of diphenidine in humans, and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. Many reports suggest that it may pose different risks than traditional dissociatives. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
+Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of diphenidine in humans, and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. Some reports suggest that it may pose different toxicity risks than traditional dissociatives. It is also likely to have moderate to high abuse potential. As a result, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
 ==History and culture==