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Substance withdrawal: Difference between revisions
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* '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's intake of nicotine over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. This may be very difficult for some individuals and many prefer to quit [[cold turkey]]. | * '''[[tapering|Gradually tapering one's intake]]''' - Withdrawal symptoms can be reduced by slowly lowering one's intake of nicotine over a period of days or weeks, which will let receptors recover somewhat before complete discontinuation. This will lessen the severity of symptoms but likely prolong their duration. This may be very difficult for some individuals and many prefer to quit [[cold turkey]]. | ||
* '''[[Nicotine replacement therapy]]''' - This stops withdrawal symptoms by providing the body with an alternative source of nicotine. NRT is available in numerous forms and includes nicotine chewing gum, adhesive patches, lozenges, and nasal sprays.<ref>Nicotine (Drugs.com) | https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nicotine.html</ref> Combining different forms is shown to be more effective than only using one form.<ref name="updates">Update on medicines for smoking cessation by Mike McDonough (Australian Prescriber)| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653977/</ref><ref>Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. - Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:0.| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728690</ref> Generally, the user is encouraged to later [[tapering|taper]] one's new nicotine intake after several weeks. | * '''[[Nicotine replacement therapy]]''' - This stops withdrawal symptoms by providing the body with an alternative source of nicotine. NRT is available in numerous forms and includes nicotine chewing gum, adhesive patches, lozenges, and nasal sprays.<ref>Nicotine (Drugs.com) | https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nicotine.html</ref> Combining different forms is shown to be more effective than only using one form.<ref name="updates">Update on medicines for smoking cessation by Mike McDonough (Australian Prescriber)| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653977/</ref><ref>Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. - Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:0.| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728690</ref> Generally, the user is encouraged to later [[tapering|taper]] one's new nicotine intake after several weeks. | ||
* '''[[Bupropion]]''' (Wellbutrin) - This is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid, reducing the intensity of nicotine cravings and its withdrawal symptoms. It acts as | * '''[[Bupropion]]''' (Wellbutrin) - This is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid, reducing the intensity of nicotine cravings and its withdrawal symptoms. It acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist as well as a noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It doubles the chance of quitting smoking successfully, making its effectiveness comparable to nicotine replacement therapy but less effective than varenicline.<ref>Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17156479</ref> | ||
* '''Varenicline''' (Chantix) - This prescription medication is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist which is similar to [[cytisine]] and works to reduce cravings by stimulating nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does. It also decreases the euphoric effects of cigarettes and other nicotine products. | * '''Varenicline''' (Chantix) - This prescription medication is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist which is similar to [[cytisine]] and works to reduce cravings by stimulating nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does. It also decreases the euphoric effects of cigarettes and other nicotine products. | ||
* '''Cytisine''' - This substance is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which is similar to varenicline. | * '''Cytisine''' - This substance is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which is similar to varenicline. | ||