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Talk:Yohimbine: Difference between revisions
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Yohimbine, an alpha-2 [[adrenergic]] [[receptor]] [[antagonist]], is an indole [[alkaloid]] found in numerous botanical sources. It is the predominant alkaloid in extracts from the bark of the [[wikipedia:Pausinystalia johimbe|''Pausinystalia johimbe'']] tree, and can also be found in [[wikipedia:Rauwolfia|''Rauwolfia'']] root.<ref>Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383988627</ref> Many of its effects are attributed to its α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity, which increases central sympathetic outflow and raises [[Increased blood pressure|blood pressure]], [[Increased heart rate|heart rate]], and [[norepinephrine]] levels.<ref name="Interactions">Interactions between Nutraceuticals/Nutrients and Therapeutic Drugs | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021477000607</ref> | Yohimbine, an alpha-2 [[adrenergic]] [[receptor]] [[antagonist]], is an indole [[alkaloid]] found in numerous botanical sources. It is the predominant alkaloid in extracts from the bark of the [[wikipedia:Pausinystalia johimbe|''Pausinystalia johimbe'']] tree, and can also be found in [[wikipedia:Rauwolfia|''Rauwolfia'']] root.<ref>Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383988627</ref> Many of its effects are attributed to its α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity, which increases central sympathetic outflow and raises [[Increased blood pressure|blood pressure]], [[Increased heart rate|heart rate]], and [[norepinephrine]] levels.<ref name="Interactions">Interactions between Nutraceuticals/Nutrients and Therapeutic Drugs | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021477000607</ref> | ||
Yohimbine is also used as a mydriatic and sympatholytic and has been suggested as an antidote to [[clonidine]] and [[wikipedia:xylazine|xylazine]] overdose.<ref>Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543007995</ref> | Yohimbine is also used as a mydriatic and sympatholytic and has been suggested as an antidote to [[clonidine]] and [[wikipedia:xylazine|xylazine]] overdose.<ref>Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Yohimbine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543007995</ref> | ||
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==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
{{chemistry}} | {{chemistry}} | ||
Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid molecule of the indoloquinolizidine chemical class. Analyses of yohimbe bark indicate that the average total indole alkaloid content is approximately 3–6%, with approximately 10–15% of the alkaloids being yohimbine | Yohimbine is an indole [[alkaloid]] molecule of the indoloquinolizidine chemical class. Analyses of yohimbe bark indicate that the average total indole alkaloid content is approximately 3–6%, with approximately 10–15% of the alkaloids being yohimbine. In addition to yohimbine and its isomers (α-yohimbine, β-yohimbine, allo-yohimbine), these alkaloids include ajmaline, dihydroyohimbine, corynantheidine, dihydrocorynantheine, and corynanthine (rauhimbin).<ref name="Interactions"/> Most often, yohimbine is used in the form of hydrochloride. | ||
Yohimbine has been used for a variety of medical purposes, including as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and as a treatment for xerostomia (dry mouth). It has also been used as a performance-enhancing supplement in bodybuilding and athletics, as well as a weight loss supplement. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of yohimbine for these purposes. | |||
Yohimbine is believed to work by blocking alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which can increase blood flow and improve circulation. However, it can also cause side effects such as anxiety, high blood pressure, and rapid heart rate. It may also interact with certain medications, such as antidepressants and medications for high blood pressure. | |||
Despite its potential medical uses, yohimbine is not regulated by the FDA and is considered a dietary supplement. As with all supplements, it is important to discuss the use of yohimbine with a healthcare provider before taking it. | |||
Yohimbine has been found to be effective in treating erectile dysfunction in men. It is believed to work by blocking alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which can increase blood flow and improve circulation. This can improve the symptoms of erectile dysfunction. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness and safety of yohimbine for this purpose. | |||
Studies have also found that yohimbine may be effective in treating sexual dysfunction caused by SSRIs. It is believed to work by increasing the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which can improve sexual function. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings. | |||
In addition to its potential medical uses, yohimbine is also used as a performance-enhancing supplement in bodybuilding and athletics, as well as a weight loss supplement. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of yohimbine for these purposes. | |||
As with all supplements, it is important to discuss the use of yohimbine with a healthcare provider before taking it. Yohimbine can cause side effects such as anxiety, high blood pressure, and rapid heart rate. It may also interact with certain medications, such as antidepressants and medications for high blood pressure. | |||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
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|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
Yohimbine pretty much gives body energy while doing very little for mind. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''<ref>Yohimbine and rauwolscine reduce food intake of genetically obese (obob) and lean mice. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6145164</ref> | *'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''<ref>Yohimbine and rauwolscine reduce food intake of genetically obese (obob) and lean mice. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6145164</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''<ref name="Toxic"/> | *'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''<ref name="Toxic"/> | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - Generally, this effect is rare and less pronounced than with classical [[stimulants]]. | *'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - Generally, this effect is rare and less pronounced than with classical [[stimulants]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - Yohimbine can increase impulsivity.<ref name="Sport">An Overview of Yohimbine in Sports Medicine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128054130000156</ref> | *'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - Yohimbine can increase impulsivity.<ref name="Sport">An Overview of Yohimbine in Sports Medicine | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128054130000156</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Many users report that yohimbine in a dosage of up to 1 mg has a positive effect on the brightness of sleep and its memory. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - Yohimbine makes whatever cognitive, especially emotional, sensation more intense. That sensation intensified could be positive or negative, it just depends on the context. | *'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - Yohimbine makes whatever cognitive, especially emotional, sensation more intense. That sensation intensified could be positive or negative, it just depends on the context. | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{toxicity}} | |||
Yohimbine has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a careful context, it presents few negative cognitive, psychiatric or toxic physical consequences, though some exist. The side effects of yohimbine are clearly dose-dependent, are generally apparent at doses much higher than the claimed therapeutic doses. Generally all reported side effects of yohimbine are reversible and resolve spontaneously within a relatively short time after termination of the drug therapy<ref name="Review"/>, and most individuals who experience the inadvertent use of toxic doses will recover after a relatively short period of expectant restoration, which is measured in hours. Deaths from yohimbine overdosing are uncommonly reported but nonetheless published.<ref name="Sport"/> Higher doses (200 – 5,000 mg) result in stronger side effects and can be toxic to the brain. Extremely high doses (above 5,000 mg) can be lethal.<ref name="Intoxication">Case study: two fatal case reports of acute yohimbine intoxication. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846025</ref> | Yohimbine has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a careful context, it presents few negative cognitive, psychiatric or toxic physical consequences, though some exist. The side effects of yohimbine are clearly dose-dependent, are generally apparent at doses much higher than the claimed therapeutic doses. Generally all reported side effects of yohimbine are reversible and resolve spontaneously within a relatively short time after termination of the drug therapy<ref name="Review"/>, and most individuals who experience the inadvertent use of toxic doses will recover after a relatively short period of expectant restoration, which is measured in hours. Deaths from yohimbine overdosing are uncommonly reported but nonetheless published.<ref name="Sport"/> Higher doses (200 – 5,000 mg) result in stronger side effects and can be toxic to the brain. Extremely high doses (above 5,000 mg) can be lethal.<ref name="Intoxication">Case study: two fatal case reports of acute yohimbine intoxication. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846025</ref> | ||
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==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
{{LegalStub}} | {{LegalStub}} | ||
Yohimbine is legal in | According to [https://erowid.org/plants/yohimbe/yohimbe_law.shtml 1], yohimbine is uncontrolled in the United States, meaning it is legal to buy, sell or possess without a license or prescription. However, it is illegal to market it as a treatment for erectile dysfunction without getting FDA approval [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine 2]. Yohimbine is also unscheduled in the U.K., making it legal to buy, sell or possess [https://erowid.org/plants/yohimbe/yohimbe_law.shtml 1]. | ||
However, yohimbine is banned in some other countries, such as Australia [https://nootriment.com/yohimbine-australia/ 1], Canada [https://nootriment.com/yohimbine-canada/ 2], New Zealand, Germany and Austria. In these countries, yohimbine can only be obtained with a prescription or not at all. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Alkaloid]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:beta-Carboline]] | ||
[[Category:Stimulant]] | [[Category:Stimulant]] | ||
[[Category:MAOI]] | [[Category:MAOI]] | ||
[[Category:Articles in talk page]] | |||
[[Category:Approval]] | [[Category:Approval]] | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | {{#set:Featured=true}} | ||