Anadenanthera peregrina: Difference between revisions

Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pagán-Jiménez, J. R.)), ((Carlson, L. A.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=101–116 | date= March 2014 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500007896/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101}}</ref>  

Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.<ref>Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. (n.d.). United States: CRC Press.</ref><ref>Rodd R, Sumabila A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21615006/ Yopo, ethnicity and social change: a comparative analysis of Piaroa and Cuiva yopo uset]. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011 Jan-Mar;43(1):36-45. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.566499. PMID: 21615006.</ref>

Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.<ref>M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, and M. Ruiz. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256172 Hallucinogenic Snuff from Northwestern Argentina: Microscopical Identification of Anadenanthera Colubrina Var. Cebil (Fabaceae) in Powdered Archaeological Material].” Economic Botany 53, no. 2 (1999): 127–32.</ref> Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>

{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogalde, J. P.)), ((Arriaza, B. T.)), ((Soto, E. C.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.) | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=441–450 | date= December 2010 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500003114/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441}}</ref>

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.<ref>Rätsch, C. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. United States: Inner Traditions/Bear.</ref>

When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize beer). Moderate doses are reported to be unpleasant, producing [[nausea]] and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in ''bilca tauri'', an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.<ref name="Torres">{{cite book | vauthors=((Torres, C. M.)), ((Repke, D. B.)) | date= 2006 | title=Anadenanthera: visionary plant of ancient South America | publisher=Haworth Herbal Press | isbn=9780789026415}}</ref> Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous.

Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', an herb containing [[MAOIs]].<ref name="Torres" /> Typically ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.<ref name="Torres" /> Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="Torres" /> Moderate amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' have been reported to effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.

The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref name="Ott">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ott, J.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Pharmañopo—Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine | volume=33 | issue=3 | pages=273–281 | date= September 2001 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574}}</ref> At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] bufotenin<ref name="Ott" /> requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.

The effects of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively short acting. The experience lasts about 10 minutes but can take an hour to get back to baseline, while the effects of [[Routes of administration|oral]] use yopo typically last 2–3 hours. Of the three main compounds present, only [[Routes of administration|oral]] use [[bufotenin]] lasts 2–3 hours. The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT.<ref name="Ott" /> This suggests that they play only a minor role (if any) in the experience, as psychoactive levels of either substance would require an impractical amount of beans to be used.  

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[[Category:Entheogen]]

[[Category:Psychedelic]]

[[Category:DMT-containing plants]]