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'''Oxazepam''' (also known as '''Serax''', '''Ceresta''') is a [[depressant]] substance of the [[benzodiazepine]] class.
{{headerpanel|{{Approval}}}}
{{headerpanel|{{DepressantOD|benzodiazepines}}}}
{{SummarySheet}}
Oxazepam (also known as Serax) is a [[Depressant|depressant]] substance of the benzodiazepine class. It is used mainly in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and [[Alcohol|alcohol]] withdrawals. It's charasteristic effects include [[Sedation|sedation]], [[Anxiety_suppression|anxiety suppression]], [[Disinhibition|disinhibition]], [[Muscle_relaxation|muscle relaxation]] and [[Physical_euphoria|physical euphoria]].


It is prescrite for [[depression]], [[anxiety]] and [[benzodiazepine]] addiction.
Oxazepam has the slowest onset action of all of the common benzodiazepines, and a half-life of around 6-9 hours.
 
It is sold under the brand names Serax, Ceresta, Novalona when combined with hyoscine and Pausafrent T when combined with alanine.
 
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    |NameCommon=[[common name::Oxazepam]], [[common name::Serax]], [[common name::Ceresta]]
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    |NameSystematic=(RS)-7-Chlor-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2
 
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==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
 
|{{effects/physical|
 
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - In terms of energy level alterations, this drug is considerably unique in that it tends to be notably less sedating and less inebriating than other classical or standard [[benzodiazepines]] such as [[alprazolam]], [[clonazepam]], and [[lorazepam]]. In some sense, it may be seen by many users as more “relaxing” in terms of description rather than being thoroughly “sedating” in average doses (10 - 15mg). However, at sufficient enough doses sedation does become a salient and unavoidable effect at a certain point. Therefore, presumably at stronger doses this causes users to feel extreme somnolence, forcing them to sit down as they tend to generally feel as if they are constantly on the verge of passing out instead of being physically mobile or consciously alert. This component increases proportional to dosage and eventually becomes powerful enough to force a person into complete unconsciousness.
*'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]''' - In comparison to [[alprazolam]] (Xanax), Oxazepam results in a greater degree of muscle relaxation.
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]''' - This symptom is usually much less prevalent compared to typical, (“heavier”) benzodiazepines like clonazepam or lorazepam.
*'''[[Effect::Seizure suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
 
}}
{{effects/visual|
 
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]'''
 
}}
{{effects/paradoxical|
 
Paradoxical reactions to [[benzodiazepines]] such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Saïas, T.)), ((Gallarda, T.)) | journal=L’Encephale | title=[Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review] | volume=34 | issue=4 | pages=330–336 | date= September 2008 | issn=0013-7006 | doi=10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Paton, C.)) | journal=Psychiatric Bulletin | title=Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review | volume=26 | issue=12 | pages=460–462 | date= December 2002 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychiatric-bulletin/article/benzodiazepines-and-disinhibition-a-review/421AF197362B55EDF004700452BF3BC6 | issn=0955-6036 | doi=10.1192/pb.26.12.460}}</ref><p></p>
These paradoxical effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bond, A. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Drug- Induced Behavioural Disinhibition | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=41–57 | date=1 January 1998 | url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Drummer, O. H.)) | journal=Forensic Science Review | title=Benzodiazepines - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior | volume=14 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–14 | date= February 2002 | issn=1042-7201}}</ref>
 
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''' - Less pronounced than with [[alprazolam]], especially in regards to panic attacks but may have an upper-hand on many other benzodiazepines in this department due to a very lightly euphoric and subtle, but not uncommon comfortable sense of well-being that is not usually associated with other benzodiazepines.
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusions|Delusions of sobriety]]''' - This is the false belief that one is perfectly sober despite obvious evidence to the contrary such as severe cognitive impairment and an inability to fully communicate with others. It most commonly occurs at heavy dosages.
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' - Oxazepam primarily suppresses short-term memory, resulting in forgetfulness, and/or disorganized behaviors.
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Language suppression]]'''
 
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
 
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety|Rebound anxiety]]''' - Rebound anxiety is a commonly observed effect with [[anxiety suppression|anxiety relieving]] substances like [[benzodiazepines]]. It typically corresponds to the total duration spent under the substance's influence along with the total amount consumed in a given period, an effect which can easily lend itself to cycles of dependence and addiction.
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Goyal, S.)) | journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal | title=Drugs and dreams | volume=102 | issue=5 | pages=524 | date=14 March 1970 | issn=0008-4409}}</ref> or '''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness|Residual sleepiness]]''' - While benzodiazepines can be used as an effective [[hypnotic|sleep-inducing]] aid, their effects may persist into the morning afterward, which may lead users to feeling "groggy" or "dull" for up to a few hours.
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory impairment]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Headaches]]'''
 
}}
}}
 
==Toxicity and harm potential==
Oxazepam has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose.  However, it is [[Toxicity::potentially [[respiratory depression|lethal]] when mixed with [[depressants]] like [[alcohol]] or [[opioids]]]].
 
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]], such as [[volumetric dosing]], when using this substance to ensure the administration of the intended dose.
===Overdose===
Oxazepam overdose may occur when it is taken in excessively high doses or combined with other depressants.
Symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose include respiratory depression or arrest, slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, delirium, vomiting and losing consciousness. Overdose may lead to death or deep coma.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Strong Physical and Psychological addiction potential
===Dangerous interactions===
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before= consumption.
 
*'''[[DangerousInteraction::Depressants|Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[DangerousInteraction::Dissociatives|Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[DangerousInteraction::Stimulants|Stimulants]]''' -  It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[benzodiazepine#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.
 
==Legal status==
Internationally, oxazpeam is a Schedule IV controlled drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>International Narcotics Control Board (2003) | http://infoespai.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/green.pdf</ref> Bromazepam is regulated in most countries as a prescription drug.
 
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
 
==External links==
(List along order below)
* [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazepam (Wikipedia)]
* [https://www.drugs.com/tips/oxazepam-patient-tips (Drugs.com)]
 
==References==
<references />
 
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