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3-FMA: Difference between revisions

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Legal status of 3-FMA updated with source
 
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'''3-Fluoromethamphetamine''' (also known as '''3-FMA''') is a novel synthetic ring-substituted fluorinated [[chemical class::amphetamine]] compound that produces [[psychoactive class::entactogen]]ic and [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. Following the introduction of [[3-FEA]], 3-FMA subsequently entered the [[designer drug]] market as a compound structurally related to a series of fluorinated [[substituted amphetamine]]s that originally included compounds such as [[2-FMA]], [[3-FA]], [[4-FMA]], [[4-FA]].<ref>Quednow, B., Girreser, U., Junge, T., & Ro, P. (2005). Isomeric Fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues (designer drugs), 148, 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.003</ref>
'''3-Fluoromethamphetamine''' (also known as '''3-FMA''') is a novel synthetic ring-substituted fluorinated [[chemical class::amphetamine]] compound that produces [[psychoactive class::entactogen]]ic and [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. Following the introduction of [[3-FEA]], 3-FMA subsequently entered the [[designer drug]] market as a compound structurally related to a series of fluorinated [[substituted amphetamine]]s that originally included compounds such as [[2-FMA]], [[3-FA]], [[4-FMA]], [[4-FA]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rösner, P.)), ((Quednow, B.)), ((Girreser, U.)), ((Junge, T.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Isomeric Fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues (designer drugs) | volume=148 | issue=2–3 | pages=143–156 | date= March 2005 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073804003251 | issn=03790738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.003}}</ref>


Like its parent compound [[3-FA]], the pharmacological, toxicological, and subjective effects of 3-FMA in humans have yet to be mapped out in detail. Early reports have so far characterized 3-FMA as a moderately potent [[serotonin]]-dominant triple [[monoamine]] [[releaser]] (or [[reuptake inhibitor]]) that produces a relatively short-lived balance of [[entactogen]]ic and [[stimulant]] effects.{{citation needed}} Based on related compounds, it is not unreasonable to speculate that this compound possesses neurotoxic, cardiotoxic and other [[research chemical|potential to-be-discovered toxic properties]]{{citation needed}}, which is why extreme caution is advised.  
Like its parent compound [[3-FA]], the pharmacological, toxicological, and subjective effects of 3-FMA in humans have yet to be mapped out in detail. Early reports have so far characterized 3-FMA as a moderately potent [[serotonin]]-dominant triple [[monoamine]] [[releaser]] (or [[reuptake inhibitor]]) that produces a relatively short-lived balance of [[entactogen]]ic and [[stimulant]] effects.{{citation needed}} Based on related compounds, it is not unreasonable to speculate that this compound possesses neurotoxic, cardiotoxic and other [[research chemical|potential to-be-discovered toxic properties]]{{citation needed}}, which is why extreme caution is advised.  
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Due to its putative serotonin-releasing and [[entactogen]]ic properties, it is possible that 3-FMA may display excess activity at the 5-HT2b receptor, which, would make it cardiotoxic with long-term use as seen in other 5-HT2b agonists such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine fenfluramine] and [[MDMA]].{{citation needed}}  
Due to its putative serotonin-releasing and [[entactogen]]ic properties, it is possible that 3-FMA may display excess activity at the 5-HT2b receptor, which, would make it cardiotoxic with long-term use as seen in other 5-HT2b agonists such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine fenfluramine] and [[MDMA]].{{citation needed}}  


It is perhaps worth noting that in the field of medicinal chemistry, the fluorine substitution is sometimes seen as desirable in central nervous system pharmaceutical agents, and is a common practice due to the corresponding increase in lipophilicity granted by the substitute.<ref>Fluorine substituent effects (on bioactivity) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002211390100375X</ref>
It is perhaps worth noting that in the field of medicinal chemistry, the fluorine substitution is sometimes seen as desirable in central nervous system pharmaceutical agents, and is a common practice due to the corresponding increase in lipophilicity granted by the substitute.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Smart, B. E.)) | journal=Journal of Fluorine Chemistry | title=Fluorine substituent effects (on bioactivity) | volume=109 | issue=1 | pages=3–11 | date=1 June 2001 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002211390100375X | issn=0022-1139 | doi=10.1016/S0022-1139(01)00375-X}}</ref>


It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
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===Psychosis===
===Psychosis===
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
Abuse of compounds within the amphetamine chemical class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, dextro[[amphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref><ref>Hofmann FG (1983). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 9780195030570.</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance]</ref> Psychosis very rarely arises from therapeutic use.<ref>Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem | http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf</ref>
Abuse of compounds within the amphetamine chemical class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref name="Shoptaw2009">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shoptaw, S. J.)), ((Kao, U.)), ((Ling, W.)) | veditors=((Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group)) | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | title=Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | date=21 January 2009 | url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 | issn=14651858 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3}}</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, dextro[[amphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="Shoptaw2009"/><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hofmann, F. G.)) | date= 1983 | title=A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780195030563}}</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="Shoptaw2009"/> Psychosis very rarely arises from therapeutic use.<ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf</ref>


===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
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{{DangerousInteractions/Amphetamines}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Amphetamines}}


==Legal issues==
==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
{{legalStub}}
3-FMA is currently a grey area compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal grey area and that it is not known to be specifically illegal ("scheduled") within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.
3-FMA is currently a grey area compound within many parts of the world. People may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.
*'''United States:''' 3-FMA may be considered an analogue of amphetamine under the Federal Analogue Act. The Federal Analogue Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.  
 
*'''United Kingdom:''' 3-FMA is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analog clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Legislation.gov.uk) |http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I</ref>
*'''Canada''': 3-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html}}</ref>
*'''Canada:''' 3-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19) |http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html#h-28</ref>
*'''China''': As of October 2015 3-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref>
*'''China''' - As of October 2015 3-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref>
*'''France''': As of december 2024, 3-FMA is not explicitly scheduled. It is thus legal to possess, although in a grey area.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand:''' 3-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576</ref>
*'''Germany''': 3-FMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s1999.pdf%27%5D|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Germany:''' 3-FMA is controlled under BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer it without a license.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html</ref>
*'''New Zealand''': 3-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 (as at 01 July 2022), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation | url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 3-FMA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''The Netherlands:''' 3-FMA is a controlled substance as of July 1, 2025. <ref>{{Citation|title= Bepaalde groepen designerdrugs (ook wel nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen) zijn sinds 1 juli 2025 verboden. Deze stoffen zijn schadelijk. Gebruikers kunnen er gezondheidsproblemen van krijgen en er zelfs door overlijden. | year=2025|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/drugs/verbod-op-designerdrugs}}</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' 3-FMA is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': 3-FMA  is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analog clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I}}</ref>
*'''United States''': 3-FMA may be considered an analogue of amphetamine under the Federal Analogue Act. The Federal Analogue Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.{{citation needed}}


==See also==
==See also==
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==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Entactogen]]
[[Category:Entactogen]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
Retrieved from "https://psy.st/wiki/3-FMA"