Routes of administration: Difference between revisions

Determining an optimal route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, its desired duration and potency and side effects, and one's personal comfort level.

==Multi-route hazard substances==

** Oral: When these substances are taken orally, they are inactive because stomach enzymes called MAO enzymes break it down. To experience effects orally, they are frequently combined with [[MAO inhibitor]]s (MAOIs), which prevent this breakdown. This combination is known as [[pharmahuasca]] for [[DMT]] (or [[5-MeO-DMT]]). When the MAOIs and DMT are derived from plant extracts, it is referred to as [[ayahuasca]]. However, it is important to note that MAOIs require careful consideration, as they can be dangerous when combined with certain drug classes, potentially leading to life-threatening consequences if not used properly.

* Orally ingested as unintended second route: Any amount swallowed undergoes rapid enzymatic degradation in the stomach, rendering it inactive. This can introduce variability in effect intensity among users. Inconclusive experiences due to the swallowed substance may lead to a false sense of security, potentially causing users to increase the dose in subsequent administrations. However, due to the unpredictable nature of salivation or intranasal dripping, this could result in an unexpectedly potent dose due to less substance being metabolized in the stomach.

** Insufflation (snorting): When these substances are delivered intranasally (through the nose), they can deposit along the nasal passage and drip down into the gastrointestinal tract.

===Risks===

{{Template:Warning/Nasal administration}}

==Respiratory tract==

Bongs that are cleaned regularly eliminates yeast, fungi, bacteria and pathogens that can cause several symptoms that vary from allergy to lung infection.<ref>{{Citation | title=Can You Get Sick From Dirty Bong Water? | url=https://herb.co/learn/sick-dirty-bong-water/}}</ref><ref>https://www.maryjanetokes.com/dirty-bong-the-dangers-of-using-one/</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | title=The Dangers of a Dirty Bong | url=https://www.leafscience.com/2018/07/16/dangers-dirty-bong/}}</ref>

=====Spots=====

Re-used uncleaned vapes, and vape sharing, may cause bacterial pneumonia,<ref name="pmid32042584">{{cite journal |last1=Kooragayalu |first1=S |last2=El-Zarif |first2=S |last3=Jariwala |first3=S |doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.100997 |pmid=32042584 |pmc=6997893}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vaping changes oral microbiome and raises infection risk |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vaping-changes-oral-microbiome-and-raises-infection-risk |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en |date=14 March 2020}}</ref> fungal pneumonia,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mughal |first1=Mohsin Sheraz |last2=Dalmacion |first2=Denise Lauren V. |last3=Mirza |first3=Hasan Mahmood |last4=Kaur |first4=Ikwinder Preet |last5=Dela Cruz |first5=Maria Amanda |last6=Kramer |first6=Violet E. |title=E-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury, (EVALI) - A diagnosis of exclusion |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213007120303889 |website=Respiratory Medicine Case Reports |pages=101174 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101174 |date=1 January 2020}}</ref> and viral pneumonia.<ref name="pmid32042584" />

[[File:Electronic Cigarette and USB Charger (14939561277) (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A first-generation e-cigarette that resembles a tobacco cigarette, with a battery portion that can be disconnected and recharged using the USB power charger|alt=Photo of device]]

An electronic cigarette is an electronic device that simulates tobacco smoking. It consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container such as a cartridge or tank. Instead of smoke, the user inhales vapor. As such, using an e-cigarette is often called "vaping". The atomizer is a heating element that vaporizes a liquid solution called e-liquid. The most common e-liquid carrying agents includes glycerin (often called vegetable glycerin, or VG), and propylene glycol (often referred to as PG).

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury Vaping-associated pulmonary injury] (VAPI) is an umbrella term used to describe lung diseases associated with the use of vaping products that can be severe and life-threatening.

Glycerin was long thought to be a safe option. However, the carcinogen formaldehyde is known as a product of propylene glycol and glycerol vapor degradation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lestari |first1=Kusuma S. |last2=Humairo |first2=Mika Vernicia |last3=Agustina |first3=Ukik |title=Formaldehyde Vapor Concentration in Electronic Cigarettes and Health Complaints of Electronic Cigarettes Smokers in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |date=July 11, 2018 |volume=2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1155/2018/9013430 |pmid=30105059 |pmc=6076960 |issn=1687-9805|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/The_Machine The Machine], utilizing a glass bottle with a hole, and foil in the neck. The Machine was invented to make it more convenient to smoke [[DMT]], but it can be used for any substance.

==Injection==

===Subcutaneous===

{{Main|Safer injection guide#SC injection}}

==Rectal==

This route is typically not observed in non-medical or recreational contexts due to the manufacturing requirements.

==See also==

==External links==

==References==