Routes of administration: Difference between revisions

Determining an optimal route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, its desired duration and potency and side effects, and one's personal comfort level.

==Multi-route hazard substances==

* Routes of administration:

** Oral: When these substances are taken orally, they are inactive because stomach enzymes called MAO enzymes break it down. To experience effects orally, they are frequently combined with [[MAO inhibitor]]s (MAOIs), which prevent this breakdown. This combination is known as [[pharmahuasca]] for [[DMT]] (or [[5-MeO-DMT]]). When the MAOIs and DMT are derived from plant extracts, it is referred to as [[ayahuasca]]. However, it is important to note that MAOIs require careful consideration, as they can be dangerous when combined with certain drug classes, potentially leading to life-threatening consequences if not used properly.

** Insufflation (snorting): When these substances are delivered intranasally (through the nose), they can deposit along the nasal passage and drip down into the gastrointestinal tract.

[[25I-NBOMe]] is widely rumored to be orally inactive; however, apparent overdoses have occurred via oral administration.

[[File:Dipping tobacco in mouth.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dipping tobacco]] is placed directly in the mouth.]]

Like sublingual absorption, the substance is largely absorbed through the lingual artery, but is also absorbed through the gum lining. This method is used when chewing plant leaves such as [[khat]], [[kratom]], [[salvia divinorum]], and sometimes [[tobacco]] (snus).

==Nasal cavity==

===Risks===

{{Template:Warning/Nasal administration}}

==Respiratory tract==

| content=Avoid sharing drug paraphernalina for inhalation (vapes, joints, pipes, etc).

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====Risks====

Bongs that are cleaned regularly eliminates yeast, fungi, bacteria and pathogens that can cause several symptoms that vary from allergy to lung infection.<ref>{{Citation | title=Can You Get Sick From Dirty Bong Water? | url=https://herb.co/learn/sick-dirty-bong-water/}}</ref><ref>https://www.maryjanetokes.com/dirty-bong-the-dangers-of-using-one/</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | title=The Dangers of a Dirty Bong | url=https://www.leafscience.com/2018/07/16/dangers-dirty-bong/}}</ref>

====Vaporized====

Re-used uncleaned vapes, and vape sharing, may cause bacterial pneumonia,<ref name="pmid32042584">{{cite journal |last1=Kooragayalu |first1=S |last2=El-Zarif |first2=S |last3=Jariwala |first3=S |doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.100997 |pmid=32042584 |pmc=6997893}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vaping changes oral microbiome and raises infection risk |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vaping-changes-oral-microbiome-and-raises-infection-risk |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en |date=14 March 2020}}</ref> fungal pneumonia,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mughal |first1=Mohsin Sheraz |last2=Dalmacion |first2=Denise Lauren V. |last3=Mirza |first3=Hasan Mahmood |last4=Kaur |first4=Ikwinder Preet |last5=Dela Cruz |first5=Maria Amanda |last6=Kramer |first6=Violet E. |title=E-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury, (EVALI) - A diagnosis of exclusion |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213007120303889 |website=Respiratory Medicine Case Reports |pages=101174 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101174 |date=1 January 2020}}</ref> and viral pneumonia.<ref name="pmid32042584" />

[[File:Electronic Cigarette and USB Charger (14939561277) (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A first-generation e-cigarette that resembles a tobacco cigarette, with a battery portion that can be disconnected and recharged using the USB power charger|alt=Photo of device]]

An electronic cigarette is an electronic device that simulates tobacco smoking. It consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container such as a cartridge or tank. Instead of smoke, the user inhales vapor. As such, using an e-cigarette is often called "vaping". The atomizer is a heating element that vaporizes a liquid solution called e-liquid. The most common e-liquid carrying agents includes glycerin (often called vegetable glycerin, or VG), and propylene glycol (often referred to as PG).

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury Vaping-associated pulmonary injury] (VAPI) is an umbrella term used to describe lung diseases associated with the use of vaping products that can be severe and life-threatening.

Glycerin was long thought to be a safe option. However, the carcinogen formaldehyde is known as a product of propylene glycol and glycerol vapor degradation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lestari |first1=Kusuma S. |last2=Humairo |first2=Mika Vernicia |last3=Agustina |first3=Ukik |title=Formaldehyde Vapor Concentration in Electronic Cigarettes and Health Complaints of Electronic Cigarettes Smokers in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |date=July 11, 2018 |volume=2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1155/2018/9013430 |pmid=30105059 |pmc=6076960 |issn=1687-9805|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/The_Machine The Machine], utilizing a glass bottle with a hole, and foil in the neck. The Machine was invented to make it more convenient to smoke [[DMT]], but it can be used for any substance.

==Injection==

===Subcutaneous===

{{Main|Safer injection guide#SC injection}}

==Rectal==

This route is typically not observed in non-medical or recreational contexts due to the manufacturing requirements.

==See also==

==External links==

==References==