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Routes of administration: Difference between revisions
>David Hedlund c/p thumb|A "lung" or "parachute bong" with the bag pulled out of the chamber from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_bong |
>David Hedlund Restored https://psychonautwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Routes_of_administration&diff=160897&oldid=160483 (merged back text from Template:Warning/Nasal administration) as the snorting awareness campaign has ended |
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Determining an optimal route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, its desired duration and potency and side effects, and one's personal comfort level. | Determining an optimal route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, its desired duration and potency and side effects, and one's personal comfort level. | ||
Intravenous injection is the fastest route of administration, causing blood concentrations to rise the most quickly, followed by smoking, suppository (anal or vaginal insertion), insufflation (snorting), and ingestion (swallowing).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312678025 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.210|title=Intravenous and smoked methamphetamine produce different subjective and physiological effects in women |year=2017 |last1=Goeders |first1=Nicholas E. |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=171 |pages=e73 }}</ref> A rapid rise in concentration can trigger an intense surge of effects for many substances. A rapid rise in concentration can trigger a quick [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(psychology) rush] of effects for many substances. | |||
==Multi-route hazard substances== | ==Multi-route hazard substances== | ||
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===Risks=== | ===Risks=== | ||
{{Template:Warning/Nasal administration}} | {{Template:Warning/Nasal administration}} | ||
Short-term side effects of insufflation includes nasal congestion, which may last for 24 hours. | |||
Frequent insufflation of some substances can damage one's mucous membranes, induce bleeding, damage the nostril's cartilage and lining, burn the throat, and cause other trauma to the nasal passage and sinus area.<ref>{{Citation | title=Ask Erowid : ID 41 : Is snorting MDMA worse for you than taking it orally? | url=https://www.erowid.org/ask/ask.php?ID=41}}</ref> A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation nasal septum perforation] is a medical condition in which the nasal septum, the bony/cartilaginous wall dividing the nasal cavities, develops a hole or fissure. | |||
Also, sharing snorting equipment (nasal spray bottles, straws, banknotes, bullets, etc) has been linked to the transmission of hepatitis C. (Bonkovsky and Mehta) In one study, the University of Tennessee Medical Center researches warned that other blood-borne diseases such as HIV, the AIDS-causing virus, could be transmitted as well.<ref>{{Citation | year=2016 | title=Sharing Drug “Snorting Straws” Spreads Hepatitis C | url=https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/hepatitis-news-373/sharing-drug-snorting-straws-spreads-hepatitis-c-713114.html}}</ref> Drinking makes it harder to resist pressure and clouds your ability to make safe choices. Not only might you miss signs of danger, like blood stains on shared equipment, but alcohol weakens your immune system, making it easier to catch and spread viruses. | |||
==Respiratory tract== | ==Respiratory tract== | ||
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Bongs that are cleaned regularly eliminates yeast, fungi, bacteria and pathogens that can cause several symptoms that vary from allergy to lung infection.<ref>{{Citation | title=Can You Get Sick From Dirty Bong Water? | url=https://herb.co/learn/sick-dirty-bong-water/}}</ref><ref>https://www.maryjanetokes.com/dirty-bong-the-dangers-of-using-one/</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | title=The Dangers of a Dirty Bong | url=https://www.leafscience.com/2018/07/16/dangers-dirty-bong/}}</ref> | Bongs that are cleaned regularly eliminates yeast, fungi, bacteria and pathogens that can cause several symptoms that vary from allergy to lung infection.<ref>{{Citation | title=Can You Get Sick From Dirty Bong Water? | url=https://herb.co/learn/sick-dirty-bong-water/}}</ref><ref>https://www.maryjanetokes.com/dirty-bong-the-dangers-of-using-one/</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | title=The Dangers of a Dirty Bong | url=https://www.leafscience.com/2018/07/16/dangers-dirty-bong/}}</ref> | ||
=====Gravity bong===== | |||
[[File:Buckie.JPG|thumb|A gravity bong made from a large PET bottle and a bucket.]] | |||
See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_bong Gravity bong (Wikipedia)] | |||
<center> | |||
<gallery caption="" widths="300px" location="centre" perrow="4"> | |||
File:Bucket bong diagram.jpg|Diagram of bucket bong in operation | |||
File:Waterfall bong diagram.svg|Diagram of waterfall bong in operation | |||
</gallery> | |||
</center> | |||
=====Spots===== | =====Spots===== | ||
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Glycerin was long thought to be a safe option. However, the carcinogen formaldehyde is known as a product of propylene glycol and glycerol vapor degradation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lestari |first1=Kusuma S. |last2=Humairo |first2=Mika Vernicia |last3=Agustina |first3=Ukik |title=Formaldehyde Vapor Concentration in Electronic Cigarettes and Health Complaints of Electronic Cigarettes Smokers in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |date=July 11, 2018 |volume=2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1155/2018/9013430 |pmid=30105059 |pmc=6076960 |issn=1687-9805|doi-access=free }}</ref> | Glycerin was long thought to be a safe option. However, the carcinogen formaldehyde is known as a product of propylene glycol and glycerol vapor degradation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lestari |first1=Kusuma S. |last2=Humairo |first2=Mika Vernicia |last3=Agustina |first3=Ukik |title=Formaldehyde Vapor Concentration in Electronic Cigarettes and Health Complaints of Electronic Cigarettes Smokers in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |date=July 11, 2018 |volume=2018 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1155/2018/9013430 |pmid=30105059 |pmc=6076960 |issn=1687-9805|doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
====The Machine==== | =====The Machine===== | ||
[https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/The_Machine The Machine], utilizing a glass bottle with a hole, and foil in the neck. The Machine was invented to make it more convenient to smoke [[DMT]], but it can be used for any substance. | [https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/The_Machine The Machine], utilizing a glass bottle with a hole, and foil in the neck. The Machine was invented to make it more convenient to smoke [[DMT]], but it can be used for any substance. | ||
==== | =====Chasing the dragon===== | ||
[[ | [[File:Chasing.jpg|thumb|Chasing the dragon, aka foily, can be considered unresponsible drug use due to its unpredictable nature.]] | ||
[[Heroin]] is colloquially referred to as "smoked" but is really vaporized, often using tinfoil as a barrier between the substance and the flame source. The heat source can be held at different distances as temperature control. An alternative version is to use a "stainless steel one-quarter teaspoon and vaporized it over a cigarette lighter collecting the smoke in an upside-down funnel."<ref>{{cite web |title=Erowid Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #38 5-MEO-DMT |url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal38.shtml |website=www.erowid.org}}</ref> | |||
======Risks====== | |||
Overdosing from inhaling vaporized drugs through the "chasing the dragon" method is extremely difficult to anticipate. This technique does not allow for a controlled, standardized dose. Even experienced users cannot accurately gauge how much of the substance has been vaporized, burned, and ultimately inhaled into the body. | |||
==== | |||
The inconsistent and unregulated nature of this consumption method creates a false sense of safety. A dose that seemed harmless one time may potentially prove fatal the next, as various random factors influence how much of the drug is actually ingested. | |||
Moreover, using specialized smoking devices like bongs designed for more efficient inhalation dramatically increases the amount consumed compared to rudimentary foil methods. An amount that may have been tolerable when smoked off foil could easily become an overdose when the same quantity is fully vaporized and inhaled through an optimized apparatus. | |||
The lack of dosage control and potential to underestimate potency make chasing the dragon an inherently risky and unpredictable way to use drugs, with an ever-present danger of accidental overdose. | |||
[[#The Machine]] is a much safer than chasing the dragon. | [[#The Machine]] is a much safer than "chasing the dragon". | ||
==Injection== | ==Injection== | ||
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===Subcutaneous=== | ===Subcutaneous=== | ||
{{Main|Safer injection guide#SC injection}} | {{Main|Safer injection guide#SC injection}} | ||
Subcutaneous administration (also known as skin popping) refers to a drug being injected into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis. Subcutaneous administration is relatively uncommon among psychonautics, as many people are not trained how to do it or would rather use a different route of administration which they are more familiar with. | Subcutaneous administration (also known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_popping skin popping]) refers to a drug being injected into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis. Subcutaneous administration is relatively uncommon among psychonautics, as many people are not trained how to do it or would rather use a different route of administration which they are more familiar with. | ||
==Rectal== | ==Rectal== | ||
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This route is typically not observed in non-medical or recreational contexts due to the manufacturing requirements. | This route is typically not observed in non-medical or recreational contexts due to the manufacturing requirements. | ||
==Ocular== | |||
*'''Transconjunctival:''' Most commonly observed medically (ex. eyedrops) but infrequently occurs with recreational drug abuse, such as with [[LSD]] and [[Heroin]] | |||
*'''Intraocular:''' This route is rarely observed in non-ophthalmological-medical or recreational environments due to the fragile and complex structure of the eye | |||
===Risks=== | |||
Transconjunctival drug administration has been associated with corneal and conjunctival abrasions and hemorrhaging<ref>Lo D, Cobbs L, Chua M, Young J, Haberman ID, Modi Y. "Eye Dropping"-A Case Report of Transconjunctival Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Drug Abuse. Cornea. 2018 Oct;37(10):1324-1325. PMID: 30004961. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001692.</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[[wikipedia:Route of administration|Route of administration (Wikipedia)]] | *[[wikipedia:Route of administration |Route of administration (Wikipedia)]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
