Anadenanthera peregrina: Difference between revisions

(2 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)

Line 7:

Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pagán-Jiménez, J. R.)), ((Carlson, L. A.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=101–116 | date= March 2014 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500007896/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101}}</ref>

Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.~~{{citation needed}}~~

Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.<ref>Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. (n.d.). United States: CRC Press.</ref><ref>Rodd R, Sumabila A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21615006/ Yopo, ethnicity and social change: a comparative analysis of Piaroa and Cuiva yopo uset]. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011 Jan-Mar;43(1):36-45. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.566499. PMID: 21615006.</ref>

Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.~~{{citation needed}}~~ Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>

Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.<ref>M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, and M. Ruiz. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256172 Hallucinogenic Snuff from Northwestern Argentina: Microscopical Identification of Anadenanthera Colubrina Var. Cebil (Fabaceae) in Powdered Archaeological Material].” Economic Botany 53, no. 2 (1999): 127–32.</ref> Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>

New item…

{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogalde, J. P.)), ((Arriaza, B. T.)), ((Soto, E. C.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.) | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=441–450 | date= December 2010 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500003114/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441}}</ref>

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.~~{{citation needed}}~~

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.<ref>Rätsch, C. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. United States: Inner Traditions/Bear.</ref>

==Entheogenic uses==

Line 39:

While ~~Yopo~~ is often mixed with calcium hydroxide to improve nasal absorption, this caustic substance can irreversibly damage skin upon contact. Use responsibly.

While yopo is often mixed with calcium hydroxide to improve nasal absorption, this caustic substance can irreversibly damage skin upon contact. Use responsibly.

==Legal status==

*'''Australia''':

Prohibited to import any plant or plant products (including seeds) of Piptadenia peregrine (syn. Anadenanthera peregrina) by customs, effective 21 AUG 2021.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pagán-Jiménez, J. R.)), ((Carlson, L. A.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=101–116 | date= March 2014 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500007896/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101}}</ref>
-Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.{{citation needed}}
+Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.<ref>Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. (n.d.). United States: CRC Press.</ref><ref>Rodd R, Sumabila A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21615006/ Yopo, ethnicity and social change: a comparative analysis of Piaroa and Cuiva yopo uset]. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011 Jan-Mar;43(1):36-45. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.566499. PMID: 21615006.</ref>
-Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.{{citation needed}} Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>
+Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.<ref>M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, and M. Ruiz. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256172 Hallucinogenic Snuff from Northwestern Argentina: Microscopical Identification of Anadenanthera Colubrina Var. Cebil (Fabaceae) in Powdered Archaeological Material].” Economic Botany 53, no. 2 (1999): 127–32.</ref> Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>
 New item…
 {{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogalde, J. P.)), ((Arriaza, B. T.)), ((Soto, E. C.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.) | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=441–450 | date= December 2010 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500003114/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441}}</ref>
-Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.{{citation needed}}
+Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.<ref>Rätsch, C. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. United States: Inner Traditions/Bear.</ref>
 ==Entheogenic uses==
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 {{Template:Warning/Nasal administration}}
-While Yopo is often mixed with calcium hydroxide to improve nasal absorption, this caustic substance can irreversibly damage skin upon contact. Use responsibly.
+While yopo is often mixed with calcium hydroxide to improve nasal absorption, this caustic substance can irreversibly damage skin upon contact. Use responsibly.
 ==Legal status==
 *'''Australia''':
 Prohibited to import any plant or plant products (including seeds) of Piptadenia peregrine (syn. Anadenanthera peregrina) by customs, effective 21 AUG 2021.