Anadenanthera peregrina: Difference between revisions

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'''Anadenanthera peregrina''' , also known as '''Yopo''', '''Jopo''', or '''Cohoba''', is a perennial tree native to the Caribbean and South America~~. The Anadenanthera beans contain most notably [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[Bufotenin]], and have a long history of use as a hallucinogen~~.

'''''Anadenanthera peregrina''''' (also known as '''Yopo''', '''Jopo''', or '''Cohoba''') is a [[Perennial plant (botany)|perennial]] tree native to the Caribbean and South America.

The beans of the ''Anadenanthera pergrina'' plant have been noted to contain significant quantities of [[bufotenin]] alongside lesser amounts of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[DMT]], all of which have a long history of use as [[entheogens]]. It has been used for ritual and healing purposes for thousands of years.

==History and culture==

Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pagán-Jiménez, J. R.)), ((Carlson, L. A.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=101–116 | date= March 2014 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500007896/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101}}</ref>

Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.<ref>Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. (n.d.). United States: CRC Press.</ref><ref>Rodd R, Sumabila A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21615006/ Yopo, ethnicity and social change: a comparative analysis of Piaroa and Cuiva yopo uset]. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011 Jan-Mar;43(1):36-45. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.566499. PMID: 21615006.</ref>

Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.<ref>M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, and M. Ruiz. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256172 Hallucinogenic Snuff from Northwestern Argentina: Microscopical Identification of Anadenanthera Colubrina Var. Cebil (Fabaceae) in Powdered Archaeological Material].” Economic Botany 53, no. 2 (1999): 127–32.</ref> Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>

New item…

{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogalde, J. P.)), ((Arriaza, B. T.)), ((Soto, E. C.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.) | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=441–450 | date= December 2010 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500003114/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441}}</ref>

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.<ref>Rätsch, C. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. United States: Inner Traditions/Bear.</ref>

==Entheogenic uses==

===Snuff===

[[File:Yanomami-yopo.jpg|thumbnail]]

Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas, the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms.

Inhaling Yopo can cause considerable pain in nostrils. However, this pain usually subsides within minutes. Physical effects include tingling and numbness throughout the body and an [[increased heart rate]]. The hallucinatory effects follow as [[color enhancement|colors become enhanced]] and shapes appear to [[Drifting#Morphing|morph]]. The effects of Yopo intensify quickly but gradually fade and are replaced by [[nausea]] and general bodily discomfort.

===Oral use===

When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize beer). Moderate doses are reported to be unpleasant, producing [[nausea]] and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in ''bilca tauri'', an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.<ref name="Torres">{{cite book | vauthors=((Torres, C. M.)), ((Repke, D. B.)) | date= 2006 | title=Anadenanthera: visionary plant of ancient South America | publisher=Haworth Herbal Press | isbn=9780789026415}}</ref> Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous.

===Use with [[MAOIs]]===

Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', an herb containing [[MAOIs]].<ref name="Torres" /> Typically ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.<ref name="Torres" /> Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="Torres" /> Moderate amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' have been reported to effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.

==Psychoactive components==

===Bufotenin===

The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref name="Ott">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ott, J.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Pharmañopo—Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine | volume=33 | issue=3 | pages=273–281 | date= September 2001 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574}}</ref> At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] bufotenin<ref name="Ott" /> requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.

===[[DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]]===

The effects of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively short acting. The experience lasts about 10 minutes but can take an hour to get back to baseline, while the effects of [[Routes of administration|oral]] use yopo typically last 2–3 hours. Of the three main compounds present, only [[Routes of administration|oral]] use [[bufotenin]] lasts 2–3 hours. The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT.<ref name="Ott" /> This suggests that they play only a minor role (if any) in the experience, as psychoactive levels of either substance would require an impractical amount of beans to be used.

For this reason, the effects of yopo are primarily attributed to the hallucinogenic properties of [[bufotenin]] ('''5-HO-DMT''').

==Toxicity and harm potential==

While yopo is often mixed with calcium hydroxide to improve nasal absorption, this caustic substance can irreversibly damage skin upon contact. Use responsibly.

==Legal status==

*'''Australia''':

Prohibited to import any plant or plant products (including seeds) of Piptadenia peregrine (syn. Anadenanthera peregrina) by customs, effective 21 AUG 2021.

Located in the category of Part 3-Dangers to the community -> Division 1—Serious drugs and precursors -> Controlled plants. Criminal Code Regulations 2019 (made under Criminal Code Act 1995). <ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Affairs, A. H.)) | title=Criminal Code Regulations 2019 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020C00785}}</ref>

Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi <ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Care, H. and A.)) | title=Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00319/}}</ref>

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' (Wikipedia)]

*[https://erowid.org/plants/anadenanthera/anadenanthera.shtml ''Anadenanthera'' spp. (Erowid)]

==References==

[[~~category~~:~~Plant~~]]

[[Category:Fabaceae (family)]]

[[~~category~~:~~Botany~~]]

[[Category:Entheogen]]

[[Category:Psychedelic]]

[[Category:DMT-containing plants]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Botanybox/Anadenanthera peregrina}}
-'''Anadenanthera peregrina''' , also known as '''Yopo''', '''Jopo''', or '''Cohoba''', is a perennial tree native to the Caribbean and South America. The Anadenanthera beans contain most notably [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[Bufotenin]], and have a long history of use as a hallucinogen.
+'''''Anadenanthera peregrina''''' (also known as '''Yopo''', '''Jopo''', or '''Cohoba''') is a [[Perennial plant (botany)|perennial]] tree native to the Caribbean and South America.
+The beans of the ''Anadenanthera pergrina'' plant have been noted to contain significant quantities of [[bufotenin]] alongside lesser amounts of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[DMT]], all of which have a long history of use as [[entheogens]]. It has been used for ritual and healing purposes for thousands of years.
+==History and culture==
+Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen [[DMT]], one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pagán-Jiménez, J. R.)), ((Carlson, L. A.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=101–116 | date= March 2014 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500007896/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101}}</ref>
+Some tribes use yopo along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi|''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] to increase and prolong the visionary effects.<ref>Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. (n.d.). United States: CRC Press.</ref><ref>Rodd R, Sumabila A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21615006/ Yopo, ethnicity and social change: a comparative analysis of Piaroa and Cuiva yopo uset]. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011 Jan-Mar;43(1):36-45. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.566499. PMID: 21615006.</ref>
+Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.<ref>M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, and M. Ruiz. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256172 Hallucinogenic Snuff from Northwestern Argentina: Microscopical Identification of Anadenanthera Colubrina Var. Cebil (Fabaceae) in Powdered Archaeological Material].” Economic Botany 53, no. 2 (1999): 127–32.</ref> Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>
+New item…
+{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogalde, J. P.)), ((Arriaza, B. T.)), ((Soto, E. C.)) | journal=Latin American Antiquity | title=Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.) | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=441–450 | date= December 2010 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1045663500003114/type/journal_article | issn=1045-6635 | doi=10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441}}</ref>
+Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area.<ref>Rätsch, C. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. United States: Inner Traditions/Bear.</ref>
+==Entheogenic uses==
+===Snuff===
 [[File:Yanomami-yopo.jpg|thumbnail]]
+Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas, the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms.
+Inhaling Yopo can cause considerable pain in nostrils. However, this pain usually subsides within minutes. Physical effects include tingling and numbness throughout the body and an [[increased heart rate]]. The hallucinatory effects follow as [[color enhancement|colors become enhanced]] and shapes appear to [[Drifting#Morphing|morph]]. The effects of Yopo intensify quickly but gradually fade and are replaced by [[nausea]] and general bodily discomfort.
+===Oral use===
+When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize beer). Moderate doses are reported to be unpleasant, producing [[nausea]] and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in ''bilca tauri'', an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.<ref name="Torres">{{cite book | vauthors=((Torres, C. M.)), ((Repke, D. B.)) | date= 2006 | title=Anadenanthera: visionary plant of ancient South America | publisher=Haworth Herbal Press | isbn=9780789026415}}</ref> Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous.
+===Use with [[MAOIs]]===
+Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', an herb containing [[MAOIs]].<ref name="Torres" /> Typically ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.<ref name="Torres" /> Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="Torres" /> Moderate amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' have been reported to effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.
+==Psychoactive components==
+===Bufotenin===
+The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref name="Ott">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ott, J.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Pharmañopo—Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine | volume=33 | issue=3 | pages=273–281 | date= September 2001 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574}}</ref> At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] bufotenin<ref name="Ott" /> requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.
+===[[DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]]===
+The effects of [[Routes of administration|insufflated]] DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively short acting. The experience lasts about 10 minutes but can take an hour to get back to baseline, while the effects of [[Routes of administration|oral]] use yopo typically last 2–3 hours. Of the three main compounds present, only [[Routes of administration|oral]] use [[bufotenin]] lasts 2–3 hours. The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT.<ref name="Ott" /> This suggests that they play only a minor role (if any) in the experience, as psychoactive levels of either substance would require an impractical amount of beans to be used.
+For this reason, the effects of yopo are primarily attributed to the hallucinogenic properties of [[bufotenin]] ('''5-HO-DMT''').
+==Toxicity and harm potential==
+{{Template:Warning/Nasal administration}}
+While yopo is often mixed with calcium hydroxide to improve nasal absorption, this caustic substance can irreversibly damage skin upon contact. Use responsibly.
+==Legal status==
+*'''Australia''':
+Prohibited to import any plant or plant products (including seeds) of Piptadenia peregrine (syn. Anadenanthera peregrina) by customs, effective 21 AUG 2021.
+Located in the category of Part 3-Dangers to the community -> Division 1—Serious drugs and precursors -> Controlled plants. Criminal Code Regulations 2019 (made under Criminal Code Act 1995). <ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Affairs, A. H.)) | title=Criminal Code Regulations 2019 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020C00785}}</ref>
+Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi <ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Care, H. and A.)) | title=Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00319/}}</ref>
+==External links==
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' (Wikipedia)]
+*[https://erowid.org/plants/anadenanthera/anadenanthera.shtml ''Anadenanthera'' spp. (Erowid)]
+==References==
+<references />
-[[category:Plant]]
+[[Category:Fabaceae (family)]]
-[[category:Botany]]
+[[Category:Entheogen]]
+[[Category:Psychedelic]]
+[[Category:DMT-containing plants]]