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Amphetamine: Difference between revisions
>Uzi Elaborating on the neuroprotective effects of stimulants for people with ADHD w/ citation and evidence. |
>Cognitohazard m Dream-like states whilst on speed are very common..._>__>__>>_> |
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*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - This can be mitigated by eating before dosing and throughout the experience. | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - This can be mitigated by eating before dosing and throughout the experience. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is experienced only at common to high dosages as well as in low lighting and is more prominent on the comedown. | *'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is experienced only at common to high dosages as well as in low lighting and is more prominent on the comedown. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Reflex syncope]]'''{{citation needed}} | *'''[[Effect::Reflex syncope]]'''{{citation needed}} - This may be experienced due to an [[Effect:Abnormal heartbeat]] causing a sudden loss in blood pressure. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - Teeth grinding may be present at higher doses. However, it is less intense than that of [[MDMA]]. | *'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - Teeth grinding may be present at higher doses. However, it is less intense than that of [[MDMA]]. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' - This effect is usually subtle and barely noticeable and only occurs at higher dosages or when combined with [[cannabis]]. Commonly this consists of level 1-2 drifting. | *'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' - This effect is usually subtle and barely noticeable and only occurs at higher dosages or when combined with [[cannabis]]. Commonly this consists of level 1-2 drifting. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Brightness alteration]]''' - Amphetamine can make spaces seem brighter as a result of its pupil dilating effects. | *'''[[Effect::Brightness alteration]]''' - Amphetamine can make spaces seem brighter as a result of its pupil dilating effects. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Color Enhancement and Suppression]]''' - Amphetamine can dampen perception of the colors green and blue, enhance general color perception in some individuals. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - This effect is imperceptible with low dosages. It's most pronounced with bigger dosages and especially when someone becomes sleep deprived, what on the other hand can be easily provoked by other effects of this substantion. | *'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - This effect is imperceptible with low dosages. It's most pronounced with bigger dosages and especially when someone becomes sleep deprived, what on the other hand can be easily provoked by other effects of this substantion. | ||
It can get up to around 2.5-3 points on the psychonaut wiki scale. (click Traces above to read more) | It can get up to around 2.5-3 points on the psychonaut wiki scale. (click Traces above to read more) | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This effect is considered to be more consistent and prevalent when compared to other common [[stimulants]]. | *'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This effect is considered to be more consistent and prevalent when compared to other common [[stimulants]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive enhancement]]''' - This is more potent in individuals with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder | |||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive impairment]]''' - This is paradoxical and involves perceiving reality actually happening and poorer IQ test results in some individuals. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''- This behavioral effect is generally less pronounced than it is with [[cocaine]] or when amphetamine is insufflated as opposed to taken orally. | *'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''- This behavioral effect is generally less pronounced than it is with [[cocaine]] or when amphetamine is insufflated as opposed to taken orally. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This effect is most effective at low to moderate doses, as anything higher will usually impair concentration or cause the user to be too physically active or restless to focus. | *'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This effect is most effective at low to moderate doses, as anything higher will usually impair concentration or cause the user to be too physically active or restless to focus. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - While amphetamine use can cause feelings of enhanced sexual desire, the constricting of blood vessels may make it difficult to achieve or maintain an erection. | *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - While amphetamine use can cause feelings of enhanced sexual desire, the constricting of blood vessels may make it difficult to achieve or maintain an erection. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Illusion]]''' - Many individuals admit to a dream-like state of mind whilst under the influence to the point of being surprised they were awake and not sleeping under the influence. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' - This is more likely to occur at higher doses and/or during the comedown. | *'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' - This is more likely to occur at higher doses and/or during the comedown. | ||
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}} | }} | ||
===Experience reports=== | ===Experience reports=== | ||
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:Amphetamine]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]]. | |||
{{#ask: [[Category:Amphetamine | {{#ask: [[Category:Amphetamine]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}} | ||
Additional experience reports can be found here: | Additional experience reports can be found here: | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{toxicity}} | {{toxicity}} | ||
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Amphetamine was found to be the seventh overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]] | |||
[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|This radar plot shows therelative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of amphetamine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nutt, D.)), ((King, L. A.)), ((Saulsbury, W.)), ((Blakemore, C.)) | journal=The Lancet | title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | volume=369 | issue=9566 | pages=1047–1053 | date=24 March 2007 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref>]] | [[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|This radar plot shows therelative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of amphetamine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nutt, D.)), ((King, L. A.)), ((Saulsbury, W.)), ((Blakemore, C.)) | journal=The Lancet | title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | volume=369 | issue=9566 | pages=1047–1053 | date=24 March 2007 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref>]] | ||
As of March 2014, there is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans.<ref>Human health effects - Amphetamine | http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+300-62-9</ref> However, high-dose amphetamine can cause indirect neurotoxicity as a result of increased oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species and autoxidation of dopamine.<ref name="Nestler2009" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Carvalho, M.)), ((Carmo, H.)), ((Costa, V. M.)), ((Capela, J. P.)), ((Pontes, H.)), ((Remião, F.)), ((Carvalho, F.)), ((Bastos, M. de L.)) | journal=Archives of Toxicology | title=Toxicity of amphetamines: an update | volume=86 | issue=8 | pages=1167–1231 | date=1 August 2012 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5 | issn=1432-0738 | doi=10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Miyazaki, I.)), ((Asanuma, M.)) | journal=Acta Medica Okayama | title=Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself | volume=62 | issue=3 | pages=141–150 | date= June 2008 | issn=0386-300X | doi=10.18926/AMO/30942}}</ref> | As of March 2014, there is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans.<ref>Human health effects - Amphetamine | http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+300-62-9</ref> However, high-dose amphetamine can cause indirect neurotoxicity as a result of increased oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species and autoxidation of dopamine.<ref name="Nestler2009" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Carvalho, M.)), ((Carmo, H.)), ((Costa, V. M.)), ((Capela, J. P.)), ((Pontes, H.)), ((Remião, F.)), ((Carvalho, F.)), ((Bastos, M. de L.)) | journal=Archives of Toxicology | title=Toxicity of amphetamines: an update | volume=86 | issue=8 | pages=1167–1231 | date=1 August 2012 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5 | issn=1432-0738 | doi=10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Miyazaki, I.)), ((Asanuma, M.)) | journal=Acta Medica Okayama | title=Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself | volume=62 | issue=3 | pages=141–150 | date= June 2008 | issn=0386-300X | doi=10.18926/AMO/30942}}</ref> | ||
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Internationally, amphetamine (and its isomers [[dextroamphetamine]] and [[levoamphetamine]]) are Schedule II controlled substances under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/attachments/10451/convention_1971_en.pdf|title=CONVENTION ON PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES 1971|publisher=United Nations|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> | Internationally, amphetamine (and its isomers [[dextroamphetamine]] and [[levoamphetamine]]) are Schedule II controlled substances under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/attachments/10451/convention_1971_en.pdf|title=CONVENTION ON PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES 1971|publisher=United Nations|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> | ||
*'''Australia''': Amphetamine is a Schedule 8 controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019L01471|title=POISONS STANDARD DECEMBER 2019|publisher=Office of Parliamentary Counsel|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> Personal quantities under 1.5 grams are decriminalized in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) as of 28 October 2023.<ref>https://www.health.act.gov.au/about-our-health-system/population-health/drug-law-reform</ref> | *'''Australia''': Amphetamine is a Schedule 8 controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019L01471|title=POISONS STANDARD DECEMBER 2019|publisher=Office of Parliamentary Counsel|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> Personal quantities under 1.5 grams are decriminalized in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) as of 28 October 2023.<ref>https://www.health.act.gov.au/about-our-health-system/population-health/drug-law-reform</ref> | ||
*'''Austria''': Amphetamine is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).<ref>https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011053</ref> | *'''Austria''': Amphetamine is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).<ref>https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011053</ref> | ||
*'''Brazil''': Amphetamine is a Class A3 psychoactive substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992</ref> | *'''Brazil''': Amphetamine is a Class A3 psychoactive substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992</ref> | ||
*'''Canada''': Amphetamine is a Schedule I drug in Canada.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28</ref> | *'''Canada''': Amphetamine is a Schedule I drug in Canada.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28</ref> | ||
*'''Finland''': Amphetamine is a prohibited substance, and it's illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture under the Finnish Narcotics Act.<ref>{{Citation | title=Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista | url=https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2008/20080543}}</ref> | |||
*'''France''': Amphetamine is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture, and is not prescriptible.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref> | |||
*'''Germany''': Amphetamine was added to the Opiumgesetz (''Opium Act'') in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_41T1_067_0328.jpg|title=Sechste Verordnung über die Unterstellung weiterer Stoffe unter die Bestimmungen des Opiumgesetzes|publisher=Reichsministerium des Innern|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=de}}</ref> In accordance to the Narcotics Act reform of 1981, it is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form. | *'''Germany''': Amphetamine was added to the Opiumgesetz (''Opium Act'') in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Deutsches_Reichsgesetzblatt_41T1_067_0328.jpg|title=Sechste Verordnung über die Unterstellung weiterer Stoffe unter die Bestimmungen des Opiumgesetzes|publisher=Reichsministerium des Innern|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=de}}</ref> In accordance to the Narcotics Act reform of 1981, it is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form. | ||
*'''Japan''': Amphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in Japan.<ref>{{Citation | title=UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1957 Issue 3 - 002 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1957-01-01_3_page003.html}}</ref> | *'''Japan''': Amphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in Japan.<ref>{{Citation | title=UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1957 Issue 3 - 002 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1957-01-01_3_page003.html}}</ref> | ||