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Amphetamine: Difference between revisions
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{{SummarySheet}} | {{SummarySheet}} | ||
{{SubstanceBox/Amphetamine}} | {{SubstanceBox/Amphetamine}} | ||
'''Amphetamine''' (also known as '''''alpha''-methylphenethylamine''', '''amfetamine''', '''speed''', or by brand names including '''Adderall,''' '''Dexedrine and | '''Amphetamine''' (also known as '''''alpha''-methylphenethylamine''', '''amfetamine''', '''speed''', or by brand names including '''Adderall,''' '''Dexedrine and Tentin''') is a classical [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. | ||
It is the parent compound of the [[substituted amphetamines]], a diverse group that includes [[methamphetamine]], [[MDMA]], [[cathinone]], and [[bupropion]]. The mechanism of action involves promoting release of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kish, S. J.)) | journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal | title=Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth | volume=178 | issue=13 | pages=1679–1682 | date=17 June 2008 | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/doi/10.1503/cmaj.071675 | issn=0820-3946 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.071675}}</ref> | It is the parent compound of the [[substituted amphetamines]], a diverse group that includes [[methamphetamine]], [[MDMA]], [[cathinone]], and [[bupropion]]. The mechanism of action involves promoting release of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kish, S. J.)) | journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal | title=Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth | volume=178 | issue=13 | pages=1679–1682 | date=17 June 2008 | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/doi/10.1503/cmaj.071675 | issn=0820-3946 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.071675}}</ref> | ||
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[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]], [[motivation enhancement]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and [[euphoria]]. It is usually taken orally, but can also be [[Routes of administration|insufflated, injected, or administered rectally]]. Lower doses tend to increase focus and productivity while higher doses tend to increase sociability, sexual desire, and euphoria. | [[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]], [[motivation enhancement]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and [[euphoria]]. It is usually taken orally, but can also be [[Routes of administration|insufflated, injected, or administered rectally]]. Lower doses tend to increase focus and productivity while higher doses tend to increase sociability, sexual desire, and euphoria. | ||
Amphetamine has high potential | Amphetamine has high abuse potential. Chronic use (i.e. high dose, repeat administration) is associated with [[compulsive redosing]], escalating tolerance, and psychological dependence. Additionally, abuse has been linked to a number of health conditions, especially cardiovascular issues such as [[high blood pressure]] and increased risk of stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Westover, A. N.)), ((McBride, S.)), ((Haley, R. W.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Stroke in Young Adults Who Abuse Amphetamines or Cocaine: A Population-Based Study of Hospitalized Patients | volume=64 | issue=4 | pages=495 | date=1 April 2007 | url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.495 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.495}}</ref> | ||
It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
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*[[dextroamphetamine]] is the 'right-handed' enantiomer form of amphetamine. | *[[dextroamphetamine]] is the 'right-handed' enantiomer form of amphetamine. | ||
Adderall and many other formulations of mixed amphetamine salts contain the [[enantiomers]] in a 3:1 ratio of d to l. This is achieved by mixing one part [[racemic]] amphetamine and one part [[dextroamphetamine]] | Adderall and many other formulations of mixed amphetamine salts contain the [[enantiomers]] in a 3:1 ratio of d to l. This is achieved by mixing one part [[racemic]] amphetamine and one part [[dextroamphetamine]]. | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' - This effect is usually subtle and barely noticeable and only occurs at higher dosages or when combined with [[cannabis]]. Commonly this consists of level 1-2 drifting. | *'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' - This effect is usually subtle and barely noticeable and only occurs at higher dosages or when combined with [[cannabis]]. Commonly this consists of level 1-2 drifting. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Brightness alteration]]''' - Amphetamine can make spaces seem brighter as a result of its pupil dilating effects. | *'''[[Effect::Brightness alteration]]''' - Amphetamine can make spaces seem brighter as a result of its pupil dilating effects. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Color Enhancement and Suppression]]''' - Amphetamine can dampen perception of the colors green and blue, enhance general color perception in some individuals. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - This effect is imperceptible with low dosages. It's most pronounced with bigger dosages and especially when someone becomes sleep deprived, what on the other hand can be easily provoked by other effects of this substantion. | *'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - This effect is imperceptible with low dosages. It's most pronounced with bigger dosages and especially when someone becomes sleep deprived, what on the other hand can be easily provoked by other effects of this substantion. | ||
It can get up to around 2.5-3 points on the psychonaut wiki scale. (click Traces above to read more) | It can get up to around 2.5-3 points on the psychonaut wiki scale. (click Traces above to read more) | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This effect is considered to be more consistent and prevalent when compared to other common [[stimulants]]. | *'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This effect is considered to be more consistent and prevalent when compared to other common [[stimulants]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive enhancement]]''' - This is more potent in individuals with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder | |||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive impairment]]''' - This is paradoxical and involves perceiving reality actually happening and poorer IQ test results in some individuals. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''- This behavioral effect is generally less pronounced than it is with [[cocaine]] or when amphetamine is insufflated as opposed to taken orally. | *'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''- This behavioral effect is generally less pronounced than it is with [[cocaine]] or when amphetamine is insufflated as opposed to taken orally. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This effect is most effective at low to moderate doses, as anything higher will usually impair concentration or cause the user to be too physically active or restless to focus. | *'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This effect is most effective at low to moderate doses, as anything higher will usually impair concentration or cause the user to be too physically active or restless to focus. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - While amphetamine use can cause feelings of enhanced sexual desire, the constricting of blood vessels may make it difficult to achieve or maintain an erection. | *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - While amphetamine use can cause feelings of enhanced sexual desire, the constricting of blood vessels may make it difficult to achieve or maintain an erection. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Illusion]]''' - Many individuals admit to a dream-like state of mind whilst under the influence to the point of being surprised they were awake and not sleeping under the influence. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' - This is more likely to occur at higher doses and/or during the comedown. | *'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' - This is more likely to occur at higher doses and/or during the comedown. | ||