Dextroamphetamine: Difference between revisions

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~~{{headerpanel|{{Approval}}}}~~

'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as '''Dexamphetamine~~'''~~, ~~'''D-Amphetamine''', '''~~Dex~~'''~~, ~~'''~~Dexies''', ~~or by~~ brand names ~~including~~ '''~~Adderall~~''', '''~~Dexedrine~~''') is a [[stimulant~~]] substance~~ and the right-handed [~~[enantiomer~~]~~] of~~ [[~~amphetamine~~]].

'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as ''Dexamphetamine, Dex, Dexies'', and sold under brand names like ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall Adderall]'', ''[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1636-9080/dextroamphetamine-sulfate-oral/dextroamphetamine-oral/details Dexedrine]'', and ''[https://zenzedi.com/ Zenzedi]'') is a central nervous system stimulant and the right-handed enantiomer of amphetamine. It's more potent than its mirror twin, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoamphetamine levoamphetamine], especially in stimulating dopamine and [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]] activity in the brain.

~~Dextroamphetamine is the more potent~~ [[~~isomer~~]] ~~of the two~~, ~~but the effects are also slightly different in character. The small difference in affinity affects the mechanism resulting in a more mentally focused~~ [[~~stimulation~~]] ~~rather than physical~~, ~~thus creating a~~ [[~~stimulant~~]] ~~that~~ is ~~more fit~~ as a ~~therapeutic drug rather than a recreational one~~. ~~Therefore~~, ~~the dextrorotatory enantiomer is preferred in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder~~, ~~whereas~~ a [[~~racemic~~]] ~~mixture like~~ [[~~amphetamine~~]] is ~~found when sold on the streets~~.

[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], increased focus, [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancement]], [[Appetite suppression|appetite suppression]], [[wakefulness]], [[Thought acceleration|thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. At lower to moderate doses, it can promote productivity, alertness, and sociability. However, higher doses may induce restlessness, anxiety, compulsive redosing, and over-stimulation. It is classified as a classical stimulant due to its ability to promote mental and physical arousal through increased catecholamine activity.

A notable property of dextroamphetamine is its high potential for abuse and rapid tolerance buildup. Repeated use over short periods can lead to diminished effects, compulsive use patterns, and a pronounced comedown characterized by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue#Mental mental fatigue], [[irritability]], and [[anhedonia]].

Recreational or street amphetamine is usually a racemic mix of both enantiomers, resulting in a broader and less focused effect profile compared to pure dextroamphetamine.

It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction practices|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

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==History and culture==

In 1937 Smith, Kline and French introduced tablets of the dextrorotary enantiomer of [[amphetamine]](at that time sold as Benzedrine)under the tradename Dexedrine

In 1937 Smith, Kline and French introduced tablets of the dextrorotary enantiomer of [[amphetamine]](at that time sold as Benzedrine)under the tradename Dexedrine.

==Dangerous interactions==

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*'''Brazil''': Dextroamphetamine is a Class A3 psychoactice substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992</ref>

*'''Canada''': Dextroamphetamine is a Schedule I drug in Canada.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28</ref>

*'''France''': Dextroamphetamine is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse, as an isomer of amphetamine. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture. It is not prescriptible<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>

*'''Germany''': Dextroamphetamine is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.

*'''The Netherlands''': Dextroamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01</ref>

*'''South Korea''': Dextromphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>

*'''Sweden''': Dextroamphetamine is a List II controlled substance.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/lvfs-2011-10-konsoliderad2.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika]</ref> It can only be prescribed by doctors with specialist competence in child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, neurology or child and adolescent neurology with habilitation.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/hslf-fs-2017-74-konsoliderad.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (HSLF-FS 2017:74) om begränsningar av förordnande och utlämnande av vissa läkemedel]</ref>

*'''United Kingdom''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom, without any clarification about isomers.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2}}</ref>

*'''United States''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Schedule IIN controlled substance in the United States, citing several '''dextroamphetamine''' prescription drugs as examples.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/</ref>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Stimulant]]

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==External links==

*[[wikipedia:Dextroamphetamine|Dextroamphetamine (Wikipedia)]]

*[https://erowid.org//chemicals/amphetamines/amphetamines.shtml Dextroamphetamine (Erowid Vault)]

*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01576 Dextroamphetamine (DrugBank)]

*[https://www.drugs.com/mtm/dextroamphetamine.html Dextroamphetamine (Drugs.com)]

==References==

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[[Category:Amphetamine]]

[[Category:Stimulant]]

~~[[Category:Proofread]]~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{headerpanel|{{Approval}}}}
 {{SummarySheet}}
 {{SubstanceBox/Dextroamphetamine}}
-'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as '''Dexamphetamine''', '''D-Amphetamine''', '''Dex''', '''Dexies''', or by brand names including '''Adderall''', '''Dexedrine''') is a [[stimulant]] substance and the right-handed [[enantiomer]] of [[amphetamine]].
+'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as ''Dexamphetamine, Dex, Dexies'', and sold under brand names like ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall Adderall]'', ''[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1636-9080/dextroamphetamine-sulfate-oral/dextroamphetamine-oral/details Dexedrine]'', and ''[https://zenzedi.com/ Zenzedi]'') is a central nervous system stimulant and the right-handed enantiomer of amphetamine. It's more potent than its mirror twin, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoamphetamine levoamphetamine], especially in stimulating dopamine and [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]] activity in the brain.
-Dextroamphetamine is the more potent [[isomer]] of the two, but the effects are also slightly different in character. The small difference in affinity affects the mechanism resulting in a more mentally focused [[stimulation]] rather than physical, thus creating a [[stimulant]] that is more fit as a therapeutic drug rather than a recreational one. Therefore, the dextrorotatory enantiomer is preferred in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, whereas a [[racemic]] mixture like [[amphetamine]] is found when sold on the streets.
+[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], increased focus, [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancement]], [[Appetite suppression|appetite suppression]], [[wakefulness]], [[Thought acceleration|thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. At lower to moderate doses, it can promote productivity, alertness, and sociability. However, higher doses may induce restlessness, anxiety, compulsive redosing, and over-stimulation. It is classified as a classical stimulant due to its ability to promote mental and physical arousal through increased catecholamine activity.
+A notable property of dextroamphetamine is its high potential for abuse and rapid tolerance buildup. Repeated use over short periods can lead to diminished effects, compulsive use patterns, and a pronounced comedown characterized by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue#Mental mental fatigue], [[irritability]], and [[anhedonia]].
+Recreational or street amphetamine is usually a racemic mix of both enantiomers, resulting in a broader and less focused effect profile compared to pure dextroamphetamine.
 It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction practices|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
@@ Line 17: / Line 20: @@
 ==History and culture==
 {{HistoryStub}}
-In 1937 Smith, Kline and French introduced tablets of the dextrorotary enantiomer of [[amphetamine]](at that time sold as Benzedrine)under the tradename Dexedrine
+In 1937 Smith, Kline and French introduced tablets of the dextrorotary enantiomer of [[amphetamine]](at that time sold as Benzedrine)under the tradename Dexedrine.
 ==Dangerous interactions==
@@ Line 30: / Line 33: @@
 *'''Brazil''': Dextroamphetamine is a Class A3 psychoactice substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992</ref>
 *'''Canada''': Dextroamphetamine is a Schedule I drug in Canada.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28</ref>
+*'''France''': Dextroamphetamine is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse, as an isomer of amphetamine. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture. It is not prescriptible<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
 *'''Germany''': Dextroamphetamine is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.
 *'''The Netherlands''': Dextroamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01</ref>
 *'''South Korea''': Dextromphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>
+*'''Sweden''': Dextroamphetamine is a List II controlled substance.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/lvfs-2011-10-konsoliderad2.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika]</ref> It can only be prescribed by doctors with specialist competence in child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, neurology or child and adolescent neurology with habilitation.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/hslf-fs-2017-74-konsoliderad.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (HSLF-FS 2017:74) om begränsningar av förordnande och utlämnande av vissa läkemedel]</ref>
 *'''United Kingdom''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom, without any clarification about isomers.<ref>{{Citation  | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2}}</ref>
 *'''United States''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Schedule IIN controlled substance in the United States, citing several '''dextroamphetamine''' prescription drugs as examples.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/</ref>
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Stimulant]]
@@ Line 45: / Line 51: @@
 ==External links==
 *[[wikipedia:Dextroamphetamine|Dextroamphetamine (Wikipedia)]]
 *[https://erowid.org//chemicals/amphetamines/amphetamines.shtml Dextroamphetamine (Erowid Vault)]
 *[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01576 Dextroamphetamine (DrugBank)]
+*[https://www.drugs.com/mtm/dextroamphetamine.html Dextroamphetamine (Drugs.com)]
 ==References==
@@ Line 55: / Line 63: @@
 [[Category:Amphetamine]]
 [[Category:Stimulant]]
-[[Category:Proofread]]