Dextroamphetamine: Difference between revisions

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~~{{headerpanel|{{Approval}}}}~~

'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as '''Dexamphetamine~~'''~~, ~~'''D-Amphetamine''', '''~~Dex~~'''~~, ~~'''~~Dexies''', ~~or by~~ brand names ~~including~~ '''~~Adderall~~''', '''~~Dexedrine~~''') is a [[stimulant~~]] substance~~ and the right-handed [~~[enantiomer~~]~~] of~~ [[~~amphetamine~~]].

'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as ''Dexamphetamine, Dex, Dexies'', and sold under brand names like ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall Adderall]'', ''[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1636-9080/dextroamphetamine-sulfate-oral/dextroamphetamine-oral/details Dexedrine]'', and ''[https://zenzedi.com/ Zenzedi]'') is a central nervous system stimulant and the right-handed enantiomer of amphetamine. It's more potent than its mirror twin, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoamphetamine levoamphetamine], especially in stimulating dopamine and [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]] activity in the brain.

~~Dextroamphetamine is the more potent~~ [[~~isomer~~]] ~~of the two~~, ~~but the effects are also slightly different in character. The small difference in affinity affects the mechanism resulting in a more mentally focused~~ [[~~stimulation~~]] ~~rather than physical~~, ~~thus creating a~~ [[~~stimulant~~]] ~~that~~ is ~~more fit~~ as a ~~therapeutic drug rather than a recreational one~~. ~~Therefore~~, ~~the dextrorotatory enantiomer is preferred in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder~~, ~~whereas~~ a [[~~racemic~~]] ~~mixture like~~ [[~~amphetamine~~]] is ~~found when sold on the streets~~.

[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], increased focus, [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancement]], [[Appetite suppression|appetite suppression]], [[wakefulness]], [[Thought acceleration|thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. At lower to moderate doses, it can promote productivity, alertness, and sociability. However, higher doses may induce restlessness, anxiety, compulsive redosing, and over-stimulation. It is classified as a classical stimulant due to its ability to promote mental and physical arousal through increased catecholamine activity.

A notable property of dextroamphetamine is its high potential for abuse and rapid tolerance buildup. Repeated use over short periods can lead to diminished effects, compulsive use patterns, and a pronounced comedown characterized by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue#Mental mental fatigue], [[irritability]], and [[anhedonia]].

Recreational or street amphetamine is usually a racemic mix of both enantiomers, resulting in a broader and less focused effect profile compared to pure dextroamphetamine.

It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction practices|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

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==History and culture==

In ~~1935~~, ~~3 years after [[amphetamine]] became widely marketed, the medical community became aware~~ of the ~~stimulant properties~~ of [[amphetamine]]~~, specifically dextroamphetamine, and in 1937 Smith, Kline, and French introduced tablets~~ under the tradename Dexedrine. Dexedrine is used to treat narcolepsy, attention disorders, and obesity. Additionally, it is used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an [[aphrodisiac]] and [[euphoriant]].

In 1937 Smith, Kline and French introduced tablets of the dextrorotary enantiomer of [[amphetamine]](at that time sold as Benzedrine)under the tradename Dexedrine.

==Dangerous interactions==

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*'''Brazil''': Dextroamphetamine is a Class A3 psychoactice substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992</ref>

*'''Canada''': Dextroamphetamine is a Schedule I drug in Canada.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28</ref>

*'''France''': Dextroamphetamine is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse, as an isomer of amphetamine. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture. It is not prescriptible<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>

*'''Germany''': Dextroamphetamine is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.

*'''The Netherlands''': Dextroamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01</ref>

*'''South Korea''': Dextromphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>

*'''Sweden''': Dextroamphetamine is a List II controlled substance.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/lvfs-2011-10-konsoliderad2.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika]</ref> It can only be prescribed by doctors with specialist competence in child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, neurology or child and adolescent neurology with habilitation.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/hslf-fs-2017-74-konsoliderad.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (HSLF-FS 2017:74) om begränsningar av förordnande och utlämnande av vissa läkemedel]</ref>

*'''United Kingdom''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom, without any clarification about isomers.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2}}</ref>

*'''United States''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Schedule IIN controlled substance in the United States, citing several '''dextroamphetamine''' prescription drugs as examples.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/</ref>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Stimulant]]

*[[Amphetamine]]

*[[Enantiomers]]

*[[Levoamphetamine]]

*[[Amphetamines]]

==External links==

*[[wikipedia:Dextroamphetamine|Dextroamphetamine (Wikipedia)]]

*[https://erowid.org//chemicals/amphetamines/amphetamines.shtml Dextroamphetamine (Erowid Vault)]

*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01576 Dextroamphetamine (DrugBank)]

*[https://www.drugs.com/mtm/dextroamphetamine.html Dextroamphetamine (Drugs.com)]

==References==

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[[Category:Amphetamine]]

[[Category:Stimulant]]

~~[[Category:Proofread]]~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{headerpanel|{{Approval}}}}
 {{SummarySheet}}
 {{SubstanceBox/Dextroamphetamine}}
-'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as '''Dexamphetamine''', '''D-Amphetamine''', '''Dex''', '''Dexies''', or by brand names including '''Adderall''', '''Dexedrine''') is a [[stimulant]] substance and the right-handed [[enantiomer]] of [[amphetamine]].
+'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as ''Dexamphetamine, Dex, Dexies'', and sold under brand names like ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall Adderall]'', ''[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1636-9080/dextroamphetamine-sulfate-oral/dextroamphetamine-oral/details Dexedrine]'', and ''[https://zenzedi.com/ Zenzedi]'') is a central nervous system stimulant and the right-handed enantiomer of amphetamine. It's more potent than its mirror twin, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoamphetamine levoamphetamine], especially in stimulating dopamine and [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]] activity in the brain.
-Dextroamphetamine is the more potent [[isomer]] of the two, but the effects are also slightly different in character. The small difference in affinity affects the mechanism resulting in a more mentally focused [[stimulation]] rather than physical, thus creating a [[stimulant]] that is more fit as a therapeutic drug rather than a recreational one. Therefore, the dextrorotatory enantiomer is preferred in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, whereas a [[racemic]] mixture like [[amphetamine]] is found when sold on the streets.
+[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], increased focus, [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancement]], [[Appetite suppression|appetite suppression]], [[wakefulness]], [[Thought acceleration|thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. At lower to moderate doses, it can promote productivity, alertness, and sociability. However, higher doses may induce restlessness, anxiety, compulsive redosing, and over-stimulation. It is classified as a classical stimulant due to its ability to promote mental and physical arousal through increased catecholamine activity.
+A notable property of dextroamphetamine is its high potential for abuse and rapid tolerance buildup. Repeated use over short periods can lead to diminished effects, compulsive use patterns, and a pronounced comedown characterized by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue#Mental mental fatigue], [[irritability]], and [[anhedonia]].
+Recreational or street amphetamine is usually a racemic mix of both enantiomers, resulting in a broader and less focused effect profile compared to pure dextroamphetamine.
 It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction practices|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
@@ Line 16: / Line 19: @@
 ==History and culture==
-In 1935, 3 years after [[amphetamine]] became widely marketed, the medical community became aware of the stimulant properties of [[amphetamine]], specifically dextroamphetamine, and in 1937 Smith, Kline, and French introduced tablets under the tradename Dexedrine. Dexedrine is used to treat narcolepsy, attention disorders, and obesity. Additionally, it is used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an [[aphrodisiac]] and [[euphoriant]].
+{{HistoryStub}}
+In 1937 Smith, Kline and French introduced tablets of the dextrorotary enantiomer of [[amphetamine]](at that time sold as Benzedrine)under the tradename Dexedrine.
 ==Dangerous interactions==
@@ Line 29: / Line 33: @@
 *'''Brazil''': Dextroamphetamine is a Class A3 psychoactice substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992</ref>
 *'''Canada''': Dextroamphetamine is a Schedule I drug in Canada.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28</ref>
+*'''France''': Dextroamphetamine is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse, as an isomer of amphetamine. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture. It is not prescriptible<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
 *'''Germany''': Dextroamphetamine is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.
 *'''The Netherlands''': Dextroamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01</ref>
 *'''South Korea''': Dextromphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>
+*'''Sweden''': Dextroamphetamine is a List II controlled substance.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/lvfs-2011-10-konsoliderad2.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika]</ref> It can only be prescribed by doctors with specialist competence in child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, neurology or child and adolescent neurology with habilitation.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/hslf-fs-2017-74-konsoliderad.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (HSLF-FS 2017:74) om begränsningar av förordnande och utlämnande av vissa läkemedel]</ref>
 *'''United Kingdom''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom, without any clarification about isomers.<ref>{{Citation  | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2}}</ref>
 *'''United States''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Schedule IIN controlled substance in the United States, citing several '''dextroamphetamine''' prescription drugs as examples.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/</ref>
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Stimulant]]
 *[[Amphetamine]]
+*[[Enantiomers]]
 *[[Levoamphetamine]]
 *[[Amphetamines]]
 ==External links==
 *[[wikipedia:Dextroamphetamine|Dextroamphetamine (Wikipedia)]]
 *[https://erowid.org//chemicals/amphetamines/amphetamines.shtml Dextroamphetamine (Erowid Vault)]
+*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01576 Dextroamphetamine (DrugBank)]
+*[https://www.drugs.com/mtm/dextroamphetamine.html Dextroamphetamine (Drugs.com)]
 ==References==
@@ Line 52: / Line 63: @@
 [[Category:Amphetamine]]
 [[Category:Stimulant]]
-[[Category:Proofread]]