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Bromo-DragonFLY: Difference between revisions
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{{SubstanceBox/Bromo-DragonFLY}} | {{SubstanceBox/Bromo-DragonFLY}} | ||
'''Bromo-DragonFLY''' (also known as '''DOB-DragonFLY''' or simply '''B-DFLY''' or '''Dragonfly''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::Substituted amphetamines|amphetamine]] and [[chemical class::benzodifuran]] classes. It produces an array of extremely dose-sensitive [[psychedelic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. It was first synthesized in 1998 by Matthew Parker from [[DOB-FLY]]. | '''Bromo-DragonFLY''' (also known as '''DOB-DragonFLY''' or simply '''B-DFLY''' or '''Dragonfly''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::Substituted amphetamines|amphetamine]] and [[chemical class::benzodifuran]] classes. It produces an array of extremely dose-sensitive [[psychedelic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. It was first synthesized in 1998 by Matthew Parker from [[DOB-FLY]].<ref>Parker MA, Marona-Lewicka D, Lucaites VL, Nelson DL, Nichols DE. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9857084/ A novel (benzodifuranyl)aminoalkane with extremely potent activity at the 5-HT2A receptor]. J Med Chem. 1998 Dec 17;41(26):5148-9. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1021/jm9803525 10.1021/jm9803525]. PMID: 9857084.</ref> | ||
Bromo-DragonFLY is extremely potent and produces unusually long effects which reportedly can last up to several days. It is considered to have one-third the potency of [[LSD]] by weight, making it remarkably potent relative to the vast majority of psychedelics.{{citation needed}} | Bromo-DragonFLY is extremely potent and produces unusually long effects which reportedly can last up to several days. It is considered to have one-third the potency of [[LSD]] by weight, making it remarkably potent relative to the vast majority of psychedelics.{{citation needed}} | ||
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Due to its high potency and unpredictable dose-response, many reports indicate that the effects of this substance may end up being overly difficult to use safely for those who are not already experienced with [[hallucinogens]]. Specifically, given that the dosage and duration of this substance have yet not been fully determined, users are advised to start at the lowest possible, intake only through the oral [[routes of administration]], and never re-dose during any time throughout the experience. | Due to its high potency and unpredictable dose-response, many reports indicate that the effects of this substance may end up being overly difficult to use safely for those who are not already experienced with [[hallucinogens]]. Specifically, given that the dosage and duration of this substance have yet not been fully determined, users are advised to start at the lowest possible, intake only through the oral [[routes of administration]], and never re-dose during any time throughout the experience. | ||
Very little is known about the pharmacology, metabolism and toxicity about Bromo-DragonFLY in humans. It briefly gained popularity among [[research chemicals]] circa 2010 until several deaths occurred after the substance was accidentally mislabeled and sold as [[2C-B-FLY]], leading to its prohibition.<ref | Very little is known about the pharmacology, metabolism and toxicity about Bromo-DragonFLY in humans. It briefly gained popularity among [[research chemicals]] circa 2010 until several deaths occurred after the substance was accidentally mislabeled and sold as [[2C-B-FLY]], leading to its prohibition.<ref name="one" /> | ||
Bromo-DragonFLY has never been documented as being sold on the street and has seemingly stopped production on [[research chemicals]] gray market. Due to its novelty and extremely short history of human usage, all information related to the use of this compound should be received with extreme caution. It is strongly recommended that one use the utmost [[harm reduction]] practices if choosing to take this substance. | Bromo-DragonFLY has never been documented as being sold on the street and has seemingly stopped production on [[research chemicals]] gray market. Due to its novelty and extremely short history of human usage, all information related to the use of this compound should be received with extreme caution. It is strongly recommended that one use the utmost [[harm reduction]] practices if choosing to take this substance. | ||
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{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | {{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | ||
The [[hallucinogenic]] effect of bromo-DragonFLY is mediated by its [[agonist]] activity at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> serotonin receptor. Bromo-DragonFLY also has a high binding affinity for the 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C serotonin receptors, and is most accurately described as a non-subtype selective 5-HT<sub>2</sub> agonist, as it is actually twice as potent an agonist for 5-HT2C receptors as for 5-HT2A, as well as being less than 5x selective for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2B.<ref>A novel (benzodifuranyl)aminoalkane with extremely potent activity at the 5-HT2A receptor | | The [[hallucinogenic]] effect of bromo-DragonFLY is mediated by its [[agonist]] activity at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> serotonin receptor. Bromo-DragonFLY also has a high binding affinity for the 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C serotonin receptors, and is most accurately described as a non-subtype selective 5-HT<sub>2</sub> agonist, as it is actually twice as potent an agonist for 5-HT2C receptors as for 5-HT2A, as well as being less than 5x selective for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2B.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Parker, M. A.)), ((Marona-Lewicka, D.)), ((Lucaites, V. L.)), ((Nelson, D. L.)), ((Nichols, D. E.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=A novel (benzodifuranyl)aminoalkane with extremely potent activity at the 5-HT2A receptor | volume=41 | issue=26 | pages=5148–5149 | date=17 December 1998 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm9803525}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Corazza, O.)), ((Schifano, F.)), ((Farre, M.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Torrens, M.)), ((Demetrovics, Z.)), ((Di Furia, L.)), ((Flesland, L.)), ((Siemann, H.)), ((Skutle, A.)), ((Van Der Kreeft, P.)), ((Scherbaum, N.)) | journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology | title=Designer drugs on the internet: a phenomenon out-of-control? the emergence of hallucinogenic drug Bromo-Dragonfly | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=125–129 | date= May 2011 | issn=2212-3938 | doi=10.2174/157488411796151129}}</ref> | ||
It is further suggested that Bromo-DragonFLY almost completely inhibits [[MAOI|MAO-A]] activity, which makes itself unable to metabolize. This is probably the cause for an abnormal duration of action.<ref> | It is further suggested that Bromo-DragonFLY almost completely inhibits [[MAOI|MAO-A]] activity, which makes itself unable to metabolize. This is probably the cause for an abnormal duration of action.<ref name="Noble2018">{{cite journal |last1=Noble |first1=C |last2=Holm |first2=NB |last3=Mardal |first3=M |last4=Linnet |first4=K |title=Bromo-dragonfly, a psychoactive benzodifuran, is resistant to hepatic metabolism and potently inhibits monoamine oxidase A. |journal=Toxicology letters |date=1 October 2018 |volume=295 |pages=397-407 |doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.018 |pmid=30036687}}</ref> | ||
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' & '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - At [[light]] [[dosage]]s this compound is generally stimulating but in a gentle, non forceful manner, similar to that of [[2C-B]] or [[mescaline]]. However, at heavy doses, one may find the stimulation rise to an uncomfortable degree. However, significant sedation may occur instead. Sedation levels are reported to be similar to that of [[2C-C]] or [[2C-T-7]]. | *'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' & '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - At [[light]] [[dosage]]s this compound is generally stimulating but in a gentle, non forceful manner, similar to that of [[2C-B]] or [[mescaline]]. However, at heavy doses, one may find the stimulation rise to an uncomfortable degree. However, significant sedation may occur instead. Sedation levels are reported to be similar to that of [[2C-C]] or [[2C-T-7]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Necrosis]]'''<ref name="Noble2018"/> - When overdosed | |||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of Bromo-DragonFLY can be described as a pleasurable, warm, soft, all-encompassing and mild tingling sensation. It is comparable to that of a milder [[mescaline]], [[2C-B]] or [[2C-E]] experience. | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of Bromo-DragonFLY can be described as a pleasurable, warm, soft, all-encompassing and mild tingling sensation. It is comparable to that of a milder [[mescaline]], [[2C-B]] or [[2C-E]] experience. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - Bromo-DragonFLY is a powerful vasoconstrictor which can become dangerous during overdoses.<ref>Thorlacius, K., Borna, C., | *'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - Bromo-DragonFLY is a powerful vasoconstrictor which can become dangerous during overdoses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Thorlacius, K.)), ((Borna, C.)), ((Personne, M.)) | journal=Lakartidningen | title=[Bromo-dragon fly--life-threatening drug. Can cause tissue necrosis as demonstrated by the first described case] | volume=105 | issue=16 | pages=1199–1200 | date=16 April 2008 | issn=0023-7205}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{effects/visual| | {{effects/visual| | ||
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===Notable deaths=== | ===Notable deaths=== | ||
On May 7, 2011, in the United States, two young adults died and several others were hospitalized after overdosing on Bromo-DragonFLY, which they believed was [[2C-E]].<ref> | On May 7, 2011, in the United States, two young adults died and several others were hospitalized after overdosing on Bromo-DragonFLY, which they believed was [[2C-E]].<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Griffin, D.)) | title=Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | url=https://www.newson6.com/story/5e35b1a383eff40362bece8e/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa}}</ref> | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
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==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
*'''Australia:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is nationally a Schedule 9 substance, making it illegal to possess, produce and sell. | *'''Australia:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is nationally a Schedule 9 substance, making it illegal to possess, produce and sell.<ref>"[https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2024L01228/asmade/2024-09-30/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html]"Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—October 2024), Schedule 9</ref> | ||
*'''Canada:''' Bromo-DragonFLY was listed as a Schedule III Substance as of October 12, 2016, along several other [[research chemicals]].{{citation needed}} | *'''Canada:''' Bromo-DragonFLY was listed as a Schedule III Substance as of October 12, 2016, along several other [[research chemicals]].{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Denmark:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | *'''Denmark:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Finland:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | *'''Finland:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Germany:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is controlled under the NpSG, as it is a derivative of 2-Phenethylamine.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html</ref> Production and sale is illegal. Possession and import, although illegal, is not penalized if intended for self-consumption.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html</ref> | *'''Germany:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is controlled under the NpSG, as it is a derivative of 2-Phenethylamine.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage NpSG - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html}}</ref> Production and sale is illegal. Possession and import, although illegal, is not penalized if intended for self-consumption.<ref>{{Citation | title=§ 4 NpSG - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html}}</ref> | ||
*'''Japan''': Bromo-DragonFLY is a controlled substance in Japan effective August 19th, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/0000094513.html|title=危険ドラッグの成分６物質を新たに指定薬物に指定|publisher=厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)]|access-date=May 2, 2022|language=ja}}</ref> | |||
*'''Norway:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is considered a narcotic in Norway.{{citation needed}} | *'''Norway:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is considered a narcotic in Norway.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Romania:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | *'''Romania:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Sweden:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is listed as a Schedule IV substance, making it illegal to possess, produce and sell. | *'''Sweden:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is listed as a Schedule IV substance, making it illegal to possess, produce and sell.<ref>"[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/sv/lagar-och-regler/foreskrifter Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter - LVFS och HSLF-FS | Läkemedelsverket]".</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': Bromo-DragonFLY is likely illegal in Switzerland. It is unclear whether Bromo-DragonFLY is in the scope of a substituted a-methylphenethylamine under Verzeichnis E point 130, since it is not an "alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy or halide derivative of phenethylamine", while additionally containing further univalent substituents, according to the scope. It is also unclear if it can be considered a true ether analog of an ether analog of DOB, which would make it controlled under Buchstabe C. It could be considered an ether analog of an ether analog of para-bromoamphetamine, which would also make it illegal under Buchstabe C, but the extent of all these definitions are unknown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': Bromo-DragonFLY is likely illegal in Switzerland. It is unclear whether Bromo-DragonFLY is in the scope of a substituted a-methylphenethylamine under Verzeichnis E point 130, since it is not an "alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy or halide derivative of phenethylamine", while additionally containing further univalent substituents, according to the scope. It is also unclear if it can be considered a true ether analog of an ether analog of DOB, which would make it controlled under Buchstabe C. It could be considered an ether analog of an ether analog of para-bromoamphetamine, which would also make it illegal under Buchstabe C, but the extent of all these definitions are unknown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref> | *'''Turkey:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this substance under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | *'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this substance under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is listed as a Schedule I substance in Oklahoma. | *'''United States:''' Bromo-DragonFLY is listed as a Schedule I substance in Oklahoma.<ref>The Oklahoman, "[[https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/crime/2012/08/13/man-sentenced-in-2011-designer-drug-deaths-of-two-oklahoma-college-students/61052749007/ Man sentenced in 2011 designer drug deaths of two Oklahoma college students]]" | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly.shtml Bromo-DragonFLY (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly.shtml Bromo-DragonFLY (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2033 Bromo-DragonFLY (Isomer Design)] | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2033 Bromo-DragonFLY (Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Bromo-Dragonfly Bromo-DragonFLY (Drugs-Forum)] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Psychedelic]] | [[Category:Psychedelic]] | ||
[[Category:Research chemical]] | [[Category:Research chemical]] | ||
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