This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-08T03:33:20Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Talk:Kanna: Difference between revisions
>Unity Updated wording of UK legality. |
>Brack →Pharmacology: correction of mechanism of action misinformation |
||
| (42 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
{{chemistry}} | {{chemistry}} | ||
The active compounds in kanna are mesembrine, mesembrenone, mesembrenol, and tortuosamine. It is believed that mesembrine and mesembrenone are responsible for the majority of | The active compounds in kanna are mesembrine, mesembrenone, mesembrenol, and tortuosamine. It is believed that mesembrine and mesembrenone are responsible for the majority of kanna's effects. | ||
Chemistry of Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum) | |||
Kanna contains a variety of alkaloids, which are responsible for its psychoactive effects. The primary bioactive compounds are mesembrine-type alkaloids, along with other secondary metabolites. | |||
1. Mesembrine Alkaloids (Primary Active Compounds) | |||
Mesembrine – A serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) and mild phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor. It has a high affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT), with a K<sub>i</sub> value of 1.4 nM, meaning it strongly inhibits serotonin reuptake. It also inhibits PDE4 at a much weaker level (K<sub>i</sub> = 7,800 nM) (Smith et al., 1998). | |||
Mesembrenone – Functions as both an SRI and a PDE4 inhibitor, though it is weaker at serotonin reuptake inhibition than mesembrine (K<sub>i</sub> = 27 nM for SERT). However, it more potently inhibits PDE4, with a K<sub>i</sub> value of 470 nM, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory and cognitive-enhancing effects (Gericke & Viljoen, 2008). | |||
Mesembrenol – A metabolite of mesembrine that is thought to contribute to Kanna’s anxiolytic and mood-enhancing effects. Specific pharmacological data on mesembrenol are limited. | |||
Tortuosamine – A lesser-known alkaloid found in Kanna. Its precise pharmacological properties are not well studied, but it is suspected to play a minor role in Kanna's psychoactive profile (PubChem). | |||
2. Additional Compounds | |||
In addition to mesembrine alkaloids, Kanna also contains: | |||
Flavonoids – Antioxidant compounds with potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. | |||
Tannins – Polyphenolic compounds that may affect taste and bioavailability. | |||
Saponins – Plant-based glycosides with potential immune-modulating properties. | |||
[[User:Planlos69|Planlos69]] ([[User talk:Planlos69|talk]]) 09:49, 30 January 2025 (UTC) | |||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
{{pharmacology}} | {{pharmacology}} | ||
The main psychoactive effects of kanna are a result of its action as a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor ([[ | The main psychoactive effects of kanna are a result of its action as a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor ([[SRI]]), a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase-4_inhibitor PDE4 inhibitor], and a monoamine releasing agent. <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874115302348?via%3Dihub</ref>. | ||
The VMAT2 upregulation produced by kanna is a compensatory response produced by stimulants such as cocaine and methylphenidate <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16897597/</ref>. However, some online users have misinterpreted the findings of VMAT2 upregulation from kanna as evidence of being a different type of stimulant. This is false, and monoamine releasing agents upregulate VMAT2 as a compensatory mechanism, involved in tolerance. VMAT2 upregulation is evidence that a compound acts similar to monoamine releasers like cocaine and methylphenidate <ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6757793/</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 31: | Line 63: | ||
| ND || ND | | ND || ND | ||
|} | |} | ||
Pharmacology | |||
Mechanism of Action | |||
Kanna primarily works by inhibiting serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft. This leads to mood enhancement, anxiolysis, and mild euphoria. | |||
Additionally, the PDE4 inhibition by mesembrenone may contribute to neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and cognitive benefits (Lima et al., 2022). | |||
Pharmacokinetics | |||
Half-life: Not well-documented, but estimated to be 4–6 hours based on anecdotal reports. | |||
Bioavailability: | |||
Oral & sublingual: High | |||
Intranasal: Moderate | |||
Inhaled (smoked/vaporized): Low | |||
More research is needed to determine the exact metabolic pathways and elimination rates of mesembrine alkaloids in humans. | |||
[[User:Planlos69|Planlos69]] ([[User talk:Planlos69|talk]]) 09:49, 30 January 2025 (UTC) | |||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 101: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This is generally described as a warm, relaxing, light sensation throughout the body. | *'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This is generally described as a warm, relaxing, light sensation throughout the body most comparable to MDMA, although much more mild in its presentation. | ||
**'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]] | **'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]''' | ||
**'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' | **'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of kanna can be characterized as a mild to moderate euphoric tingling sensation that encompasses the entire body. This sensation maintains a consistent presence that steadily rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached. | ||
**'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]] | **'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]] | ||
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' and '''[[Stimulation]]''' - When snorted and smoked, kanna is typically stimulating, however other routes of administration may be sedating (especially orally) | *'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' and '''[[Stimulation]]''' - When snorted and smoked, kanna is typically stimulating, however other routes of administration may be sedating (especially orally). | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]] | *'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - This effect is directly comparable to the same effect experienced on [[lisdexamfetamine]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Kanna is reported to have mild pain relieving effects | *'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Kanna is reported to have mild pain relieving effects, similar to those of [[SSRIs]] and to a lesser extent, MDMA. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]] | *'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]''' - This effects is not as intense as many other substances such as psychedelics, alcohol or stimulants but can become problematic if combined with one of these compounds in a less than ideal setting. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]] | *'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]''' - This effects is directly comparable to the same effects experienced with [[LSD]] and the come up stage of MDMA. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]] | *'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' - Strong feelings of tactile enhancement can be felt with kanna at moderate to high doses, this is especially prominent when smoked or when extracts are used, although it can occur to a lesser extent with other forms of administration for plain leaf. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dry mouth]] | *'''[[Effect::Dry mouth]] | ||
*'''[[Effect::Headaches]]''' - Headaches are commonly experienced on kanna, however they are usually mild and only experienced at strong or heavy doses. | *'''[[Effect::Headaches]]''' - Headaches are commonly experienced on kanna, however they are usually mild and only experienced at strong or heavy doses. Some report experiencing relief from headaches with kanna. This may indicate that the biological mechanisms behind some headaches could be suppressed by kanna's pharmacological action while the cause of other headaches may be enhanced by it. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - This effect is mild and usually does not result in vomiting. Nausea produced by kanna usually passes after a few minutes after it starts. It can be avoided using 5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonists like ginger and [[limonene]], and usually subsides after about 2 weeks of use. | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - This effect is mild and usually does not result in vomiting. Nausea produced by kanna usually passes after a few minutes after it starts. It can be avoided using 5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonists like ginger and [[limonene]], and usually subsides after about 2 weeks of use. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Heartburn]]''' - This can be avoided with 5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonists like ginger and [[limonene]], and usually subsides after about 2 weeks of use. | *'''[[Effect::Heartburn]]''' - This can be avoided with 5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonists like ginger and [[limonene]], and usually subsides after about 2 weeks of use. | ||
| Line 59: | Line 118: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Diarrhea]]''' - This is milder when compared to the other unpleasant gastrointestinal effects of kanna. This can be avoided with 5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonists like ginger and [[limonene]], and usually subsides after about 2 weeks of use. | *'''[[Effect::Diarrhea]]''' - This is milder when compared to the other unpleasant gastrointestinal effects of kanna. This can be avoided with 5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonists like ginger and [[limonene]], and usually subsides after about 2 weeks of use. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate|Increased]] or [[Decreased heart rate]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate|Increased]] or [[Decreased heart rate]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is usually mild | *'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is usually mild but can become more pronounced when combined with stimulants or psychedelics. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]''' or '''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]''' or '''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This effect is mild and is | *'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This effect can be quite noticeable at higher doses but is usually quite mild when compared to the motor control loss combined by substances such as [[alcohol]], [[benzodiazepines]] and [[psilocybin mushrooms]]. It is usually not impairing enough to discourage the user from standing up and walking around. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{effects/visual| | {{effects/visual| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Color enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Color enhancement]]''' - This effect can be quite pronounced, especially when mixed with [[cannabis]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Visual haze]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Visual haze]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]''' - Objects may look closer while under the influence of kanna. | *'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition enhancement]]''' - One may have an easier identifying patterns such as faces while under the influence. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Visual | *'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]''' - This effect can occur inconsistently at heavy doses or when combined with stimulants. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]''' - Objects which are in one's direct line of focus may look closer while under the influence of kanna when compared to the surrounding visual field. This can be especially noticable when consumed using a dry herb vaporizer or when taken as an extract sublingually. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity enhancement]]''' - This effect can be quite pronounced and is speculated to have played a large part of why kanna was used by hunter-gatherer societies in certain areas of the world. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]''' - This effect can occur when vaporized at heavy doses. | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 77: | Line 139: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - This effect is uncommon, but is sometimes experienced when kanna is taken without priming. | *'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - This effect is uncommon, but is sometimes experienced when kanna is taken without priming. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Addiction suppression]]''' - Research indicates that kanna may suppress cravings for certain drugs such as nicotine and cocaine. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' or '''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' or '''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | ||
| Line 83: | Line 146: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - This effect is usually mild | *'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - This effect is usually mild when it occurs and is pretty selective. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' - This effect is comparable to the humor enhancement experienced on [[psychedelics]] | *'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' - This effect is comparable to the humor enhancement experienced on [[psychedelics]]. | ||
**'''[[Effect::Laughter]]''' | **'''[[Effect::Laughter]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Language suppression]]''' - This effect occurs at high doses, typically when smoked or chewed. It often results in mildly slurred speech, and difficulty structuring sentences. | *'''[[Effect::Language suppression]]''' - This effect occurs at high doses, typically when smoked or chewed. It often results in mildly slurred speech, and difficulty structuring sentences. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Thought organization]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Thought organization]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' or '''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]''' - Kanna can enhance motivation as well as suppress it. It is most strongly enhanced with intranasal and sublingual administration, and often suppressed when taken orally. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]''' - While on kanna, some people may experience a feeling of strong connection to and appreciation for nature. | *'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]''' - While on kanna, some people may experience a feeling of strong connection to and appreciation for nature. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]''' or '''[[Effect:: | *'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]''' or '''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' or '''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]''' - Kanna can enhance focus as well as suppress it. It is most strongly enhanced with smoking and snorting, less enhanced and sometimes suppressed when chewed, and often suppressed when taken orally. | *'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' or '''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]''' - Kanna can enhance focus as well as suppress it. It is most strongly enhanced with smoking and snorting, less enhanced and sometimes suppressed when chewed, and often suppressed when taken orally. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - Kanna is sometimes used as an aphrodisiac due to its libido & tactile enhancing effects as well as its vasodilating effects. This effect is not experienced in all users, and for some it may suppress libido in a similar way to common pharmaceutical [[SSRI]]s. | *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - Kanna is sometimes used as an aphrodisiac due to its libido & tactile enhancing effects as well as its vasodilating effects. This effect is not experienced in all users, and for some it may suppress libido in a similar way to common pharmaceutical [[SSRI]]s. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - This effect | *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - This effect can be quite mild on its own when compared to other serotonergic substances, however this effects becomes a lot more pronounced when combined with other music enhancing substances such as [[psychedelics]], [[alcohol]], [[dissociatives]] and [[stimulants]] including [[nicotine]] and [[caffeine]]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{effects/auditory| | {{effects/auditory| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement|Enhancements]]''' - Audio can sound much cleaner and sharper while on kanna than when sober | *'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement|Enhancements]]''' - Audio can sound much cleaner and sharper while on kanna than when sober. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{effects/aftereffects| | {{effects/aftereffects| | ||
| Line 117: | Line 181: | ||
===Combination effects=== | ===Combination effects=== | ||
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - | *'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - Although anecdotal reports are scarce, what can be found seems to indicate an unexpectedly strong synergistic experience which results in increased [[cognitive euphoria|cognitive]] and [[physical euphoria]], [[increased music appreciation|appreciation for music]] as well as enhanced [[tactile enhancement|tactile effects]] and an increased likelihood of entering in to [[laughter fits]]. The likelihood for [[anxiety]] becomes greatly reduced and some visual effects such as [[drifting]] become less prominent - visual effects such as [[colour enhancement]], [[depth perception distortions]], [[perspective distortions]] and [[after images]] become more pronounced. There are unique visual effects from this combination, however, which seem to be unique to the combination and are unlikely to be experienced when psychedelics or kanna are taken on their own. A unique body high is also present with this combination, although this can come at the expense of specific effects which are known to arise from more stimulating psychedelics such as [[perception of bodily lightness]]. The headspace of this combinations has a higher level of lucidity than the psychedelic on its own will typically provide which could make the experience less likely to offer the same level of profound insight that psychedelics on their own are known to provide. Cognitive effects such as [[immersion enhancement]], [[empathy, affection and sociability enhancement]], [[novelty enhancement]] and feelings of [[unity and connectedness]] are much stronger with this combo whilst [[memory suppression]], [[thought loops]] and [[increased libido|libido enhancement]] may become less intense. This combination should be used only in safe temperature secure settings due to the increase in body temperature that kanna can cause | ||
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Kanna is reported to have strong synergy with [[cannabis]]. Commonly reported effects from this combination are intense [[euphoria]], less [[anxiety]], and intensified [[hallucinations|visual effects]]. | |||
*'''[[Caffeine]]''' - Kanna is reported to have synergy with [[caffeine]], resulting in stronger [[stimulation]] with [[anxiety suppression|decreased anxiety]]. | *'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Kanna is reported to have strong synergy with [[cannabis]]. Commonly reported effects from this combination are intense [[euphoria]], less [[anxiety]], and intensified [[hallucinations|visual effects]]. The [[appetite enhancement|appetite enhancing]] effects of cannabis are greatly reduced whilst feelings of [[time distortion]] are greatly enhanced. The [[depth perception distortions]] that kanna often cause at high doses are much more likely to present themselves with this combination and with greater intensity. [[Suggestibility enhancement]], [[novelty enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor|humor enhancement]] and [[increased music appreciation|music enhancement]] from both compounds are enhanced greatly. It should be noted that this combination can feel very psychedelic with the ways that these enhancments manifest themsleves. The sedating effects from the cannabis may lessen the stimulatory effects of kanna but the [[empathy, affection and sociability enhancement|prosocial effects]] of kanna can cover up the more introverted aspects of the cannabis high. Effects not often seen from either compound such as [[magnification]], [[thought disorganization]],[[thought loops]], [[ego inflation]], mild [[visual disconnection]] and [[diffraction]] can occur when they are combined together. Caution should be used with this combo as the experience can be overwhelming at high doses of each due to a rather unique body high in which the [[perception of bodily heaviness|head and torso feel heavy]] but [[perception of bodily lightness|limbs feel lighter]] as well as dramatically enhanced increases in the [[auditory enhancement|auditory]], [[visual acuity enhancement|visual]], tactile and [[olfactory enhancement|olfactory]] effects of each compound. This combination also increases the length of intoxication rleative to the comnsumption of either compound on their own. | ||
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Kanna is reported to have strong synergy with [[alcohol]], | |||
*'''[[Caffeine]]''' - Kanna is reported to have synergy with [[caffeine]], resulting in stronger [[stimulation]] with [[anxiety suppression|decreased anxiety]] and [[irritability]]. Other effects include an increased likelihood of [[cognitive euphoria]] and [[increased music appreciation]], both effects tending to be rather inconsistent when caffeine is consumed on its own. [[Tactile enhancement]] and [[visual acuity enhancement]] become quite prominent. It should be noted that both compounds are known to [[increased heart rate|increase heart rate]] and so caution should be used in determinig how often one uses these substances together and at what dose. Those with a weak heart should avoid this combination entirely. The [[empathy, affection and sociabilty enhancemnent|prosocial]] effects of kanna are more pronounced with this combo although the empathy and affection aspects are reduced. | |||
*'''[[Substituted amphetamines|Amphetamines]]''' - Kanna has a strong synergy with amphetamines with effects ranging greatly based on its method of administration. Oral administration alleviates the [[stimulation|excess stimulation]], [[irritability]] and [[anxiety]] seen with high doses whilst reversing the [[emotion suppression|emotion suppresing]] effects of lower doses. The [[physical euphoria]] of both compounds is intensified greatly and the [[cognitive euphoria]] seen with higher doses is also greatly intensified. The effects of oral kanna on an amphetamine high can reliably make the experience feel more [[sedation|relaxing]] whilst decreasing (but not eliminating) the [[thought acceleration]] from the amphetamine. Effects that both compounds have in common such as [[brightness alteration]], [[stamina enhancement|increased stamina]] and [[increased music appreciation|music enhancement]] become far more pronounced. This holds true for negative side effects of both compounds as well such as [[increased perspiration]], [[dry mouth]], [[appetite suppression]], [[vasoconstriction]], [[temporary erectile dysfunction]], [[difficulty urinating]] and [[frequent urination]], [[abnormal heartbeat]], [[increased heart rate]] and [[increased bodily temperature]], with these last three effects specifically, it should be comnsidered important that this combo is used sparingly. The [[empathy, affection and sociability enahancement|empathogenic effects]] of kanna are greatly enhanced with this combo, as are the [[tactile enhancement|tactile enhancements]] and visual effects such as [[color enhancement]], [[perspective distortions]] and [[depth perception distortions]]. [[Drifting]] from amphetamines is also more likely with the co-adminstartion of kanna although this rarely goes beyond level 2. Unique effects such as [[visual stretching]] and and low level [[visual disconnection]] is possible with this combo as well, especially if consumed during the amphetamine [[offset|comedown]]. | |||
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Kanna is reported to have strong synergy with [[alcohol]], increasing the [[empathy, affection and sociability enhancement|prococial effects]] of both substances as well as providing a strong sense of [[novelty enhancement]] and [[unity and interconnectedness|appreciation for nature]]. The warm body feelings of kanna are enhanced greatly with this combination, as are typical empathogenic desires for physical effection. Negative drawbacks to alcohol consumption such as [[irritability]] and [[tactile suppression]] are reduced whilst feelings of [[pain relief]], [[muscle relaxation]] and [[motor control loss]] become more pronounced. [[Nausea]] and heartburn may be more of a risk for sensitive individuals and so those with a weak stomach should be cautious with their dosing. The visual effects of kanna are mostly reduced to [[color enhancement]] and a [[visual haze]] as the effects of alcohol seem to negate some of kanna's more hallucinogenic visual effects. It has been shown that SSRIs increase sensitivity to alcohol and may make the compound more neurotoxic than if it were taken on its own. For this reason, it is advised to use this combo sparingly if one should choose to try it | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
| Line 132: | Line 201: | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
Kanna is known to have a "reverse tolerance", similar to serotonergic antidepressants and kava kava, where in order to experience the strongest and most theraputic effects, a person must have taken kanna recently. This is often called "priming" and usually takes about a week of daily priming to experience the most intense effects. After about week of priming, continuing to use kanna at the same dose will not cause an increase or decrease in tolerance to its psychoactive effects. | Kanna is known to have a "reverse tolerance", similar to serotonergic antidepressants and [[Kava|kava kava]], where in order to experience the strongest and most theraputic effects, a person must have taken kanna recently. This is often called "priming" and usually takes about a week of daily priming to experience the most intense effects. After about week of priming, continuing to use kanna at the same dose will not cause an increase or decrease in tolerance to its psychoactive effects. | ||
Psychological dependence can be experienced with kanna, however is much less intense than the psychological dependence experienced with other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], and [[antidepressants]] such as fluoxetine. According to the manufacturers of Zembrin, kanna does not cause withdrawal symptoms, however some anecdotal reports describe mild physical withdrawal symptoms similar to, but less intense than the withdrawal symptoms experienced with [[SSRI]]s and [[stimulants]]. | Psychological dependence can be experienced with kanna, however is much less intense than the psychological dependence experienced with other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], and [[antidepressants]] such as fluoxetine. According to the manufacturers of Zembrin, kanna does not cause withdrawal symptoms, however some anecdotal reports describe mild physical withdrawal symptoms similar to, but less intense than the withdrawal symptoms experienced with [[SSRI]]s and [[stimulants]]. | ||