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{ | {{SummarySheet}} | ||
{{SubstanceBox/DMT}} | |||
|- | {{Warning/Short-acting_intense_trips}} | ||
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|- | '''N,N-Dimethyltryptamine''' (also known as '''DMT''', '''N,N-DMT''', '''Dmitri''', and '''"The Spirit Molecule"''') is a classical [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::tryptamine]] class.<ref name="Nichols2016">{{cite journal|last=Nichols|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Nichols|editor-last=Barker|editor-first=Eric L.|title=Psychedelics|journal=Pharmacological Reviews|volume=68|issue=2|pages=264-355|doi=10.1124/pr.115.011478|year=2016|issn=0031-6997|eissn=1521-0081}}</ref> Among psychedelics, it is known for its unique ability to produce short-lived but intense [[hallucinatory states|visionary states and complete hallucinations]]. It is thought to produce its effects by binding to [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] in the brain, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood. | ||
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|- | DMT is present in over 65 species of plants and has been identified as being a normal constituent of human metabolism and an endogenous [[neurotransmitter]] in certain rodents. | ||
| | Its presence is also known to be widespread throughout the plant kingdom.<ref name="ott1994"></ref><ref name="TiHKAL">{{cite book|title=TiHKAL: The Continuation|title-link=TiHKAL|last1=Shulgin|first1=Alexander|last2=Shulgin|first2=Ann|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|year=1997|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0-9630096-9-9|oclc=38503252||chapter=DMT is Everywhere|page=277}}</ref> | ||
|- | Although various theories have been postulated, its neurobiological function has yet to be determined.{{citation needed}} | ||
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When [[vaporized]] or [[smoked]], DMT produces short-lived effects with a very rapid onset that is sometimes described as an "inconceivably high-speed rollercoaster ride." | |||
| | When ingested in combination with a [[MAOI]] or [[RIMA]] agent, it becomes active [[oral|orally]] and significantly longer lasting, immersive, and interactive in nature: this combination is known as [[pharmahuasca]]. See also [[ayahuasca]]. | ||
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| | Unlike most highly prohibited substances, DMT has not been proven to be addictive or physiologically toxic.<ref name="Nichols2016"></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lüscher|first1=Christian|last2=Ungless|first2=Mark A.|title=The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs|year=2006|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437|pmid=17105338|issn=1549-1277}}</ref> | ||
However, adverse reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]] are always possible, even for experienced users, and particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> | |||
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| | It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction#Hallucinogens|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
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|- | [[File:DMT-crystals-shot.jpg|245px|thumbnail|DMT Crystals<ref>{{cite web|author=<nowiki>"</nowiki>q21q21<nowiki>"</nowiki>|title=Q21Q21 tek (and other limeteks) NOT recommended for shredded bark!|date=September 19, 2014|access-date=January 8, 2020|publisher=DMT Nexus|url=https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=563688}}</ref>]] | ||
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|- | ==History and culture== | ||
| | DMT was first synthesized in 1931 by the German chemist Richard Helmuth Fredrick Manske.<ref name="Manske R.H.F. 1931 592–600">{{cite journal|year=1931|title=A synthesis of the methyltryptamines and some derivatives|journal=Canadian Journal of Research|volume=5|issue=5|pages=592–600|doi=10.1139/cjr31-097|author=Manske R. H. F.|issn=0366-6581}}</ref><ref name="bdmxab">{{cite journal|year=1977|title=DMT: the fifteen minute trip|url=http://jeremybigwood.net/JBsPUBS/DMT/|journal=Head|volume=2|issue=4|pages=56–61|author1=Bigwood J.|author2=Ott J.|accessdate=November 28, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127003553/http://jeremybigwood.net/JBsPUBS/DMT/|archivedate=January 27, 2006}}</ref> | ||
|- | Its discovery as a natural product is generally credited to Brazilian chemist and microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima who, in 1946, isolated an alkaloid he named ''nigerina'' (nigerine) from the root bark of ''jurema preta'' (''[[Mimosa tenuiflora]]'').<ref name="bdmxab" /><ref name="strassman" /><ref name="ott1996">{{cite book |title=Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History |last=Ott |first=Jonathan |edition=2nd, densified |year=1996 |publisher=Natural Products |location=Kennewick, WA |isbn=978-0-9614234-9-0}}</ref> | ||
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It was unequivocally identified in 1959, when American chemists were provided a sample of ''Mimosa tenuiflora''.<ref name="ott1996" /><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pachter I. J.|author2=Zacharias D. E.|author3=Ribeiro O.|title=Indole alkaloids of ''Acer saccharinum'' (the silver maple), ''Dictyoloma incanescens'', ''Piptadenia colubrina'', and ''Mimosa hostilis'' |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|year=1959|issn=0022-3263|eissn=1520-6904|volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=1285–87 |doi=10.1021/jo01091a032}}</ref> In 1955, a team of American chemists led by Evan Horning isolated and formally identified DMT in the seeds and pods of ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]''.<ref name="ott1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fish M. S.|author2=Johnson N. M.|author3=Horning E. C.|year=1955|issn=0002-7863|eissn=1520-5126|title=Piptadenia alkaloids. Indole bases of ''P. peregrina'' (L.) Benth. and related species |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=72 |issue=22 |pages=5892–95 |url= |doi=10.1021/ja01627a034}}</ref> | |||
Since 1955, the substance has been found in a host of organisms: in at least fifty plant species belonging to ten families,<ref name="ott1994">{{cite book|title=Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens|last=Ott|first=Jonathan|publisher=Natural Products|year=1994|isbn=978-0-9614234-5-2|edition=1st|location=Kennewick, WA, USA|pages=81–83|oclc=32895480}}</ref> and in at least four animal species, including one gorgonian<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|year=1978|title=Chemistry of Mediterranean gorgonians: simple indole derivatives from ''Paramuricea chamaeleon''|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C|volume=61|issue=2|pages=361–2|doi=10.1016/0306-4492(78)90070-9|author1=Cimino G.|author2=De Stefano S.}}</ref> and three mammalian species. | |||
==Chemistry== | |||
[[File:Tryptamine1.png|thumb|right|245px|thumb|right||Substitutive structure of a tryptamine molecule]] | |||
DMT, or N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a member of a family of organic compounds known as [[tryptamines]]. Tryptamines share a core structure consisting of a bicyclic indole heterocycle attached at R<sub>3</sub> to an amino group via an ethyl side chain. DMT contains two methyl groups (CH<sub>3</sub>-) bound to the terminal amine R<sub>N</sub> at the end of this chain. | |||
It has many homologs and analogs from base tryptamines like [[MET]] and [[DPT]], to four and five position substituted variants such as [[4-PO-DMT]] (psilocybin), [[4-AcO-DMT]] (psilacetin), [[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin), and [[5-MeO-DMT]]. | |||
Pure DMT is a white, crystalline solid that is often described as smelling like rubber. It is moderately soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents and aqueous acids.<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid DMT Vault : Profiles of Psychedelic Drugs - DMT | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt_journal1.shtml}}</ref> | |||
==Pharmacology== | |||
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | |||
DMT's [[psychedelic]] effects are believed to come from its efficacy at the [[Serotonin#The 5-HT system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor]] as a [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | |||
In addition to this, N,N-dimethyltryptamine is believed to be an endogenous ligand for the sigma receptor. However, the significance of the sigma-1 receptor remains the subject of ongoing scientific research.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fontanilla|first1=D.|last2=Johannessen|first2=M.|last3=Hajipour|first3=A. R.|last4=Cozzi|first4=N. V.|last5=Jackson|first5=M. B.|last6=Ruoho|first6=A. E.|title=The Hallucinogen ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Is an Endogenous Sigma-1 Receptor Regulator|year=2009|journal=Science|issn=0036-8075|eissn=1095-9203|oclc=1644869|volume=323|issue=5916|pages=934-937|doi=10.1126/science.1166127|pmid=19213917|pmc=2947205}}</ref> | |||
=== Limitations regarding MAO enzymes and MAO inhibitors === | |||
Unlike other tryptamines like psilocybin, orally administred DMT is inactive because the monoamine oxidase enzymes (MAO) break it down. To experience effects orally, DMT is frequently combined with [[MAO inhibitor]]s (MAOIs), which prevent this breakdown. This combination, when done with both DMT and MAOI in their pure form, is known as pharmahuasca; when it's done through plant material, either brewed or ingested whole, it's traditionally referred as [[ayahuasca]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassman|first=Rick J.|title=Human psychopharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine|year=1995|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=73|issue=1-2|pages=121-124|doi=10.1016/0166-4328(96)00081-2|issn=0166-4328|eissn=1872-7549|oclc=06183451}}</ref>. | |||
While insufflated DMT has a fast enough onset and come up to provide a solid experience similarly to smoked DMT, doing so could stimulate the production of liquid secretions that might get mixed with it, which can drip down the throat and be swallowed, meaning that it will be broken down in the stomach and wont contribute to the experience. | |||
The consumption of ayahuasca implies that the DMT and the harmala alkaloids are ingested simultaneously. Despite this being the traditional way to do ayahuasca, it's not the most efficient way when it comes to maximize the absorption of the psychedelic drug. Both DMT and harmala alkaloids have very similar pharmacokinetics<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Representative-pharmacokinetic-profiles-of-plasma-alkaloids-over-time-from-the-same_fig7_12895750</ref>, but modern users tend to use lower doses of harmala alkaloids and higher doses of DMT when combining both drugs; this way, DMT tends to reach the peak sooner than the MAOI used. In such occasions, a way to optimize the employment of MAO inhibitors is to ingest them about 30 minutes before the consumption of the DMT. The time window for the consumption of the MAOI is 10 to 50 minutes before the ingestion of the psychedelic drug. | |||
===Variety of DMT methods and routes of administration=== | |||
DMT is a drug that presents one of the most wide and varied methodology when it comes to methods and routes of administration. A DMT experience can be anything from an aggressive and brief yet trascendental trip of intravenous DMT to a extensive, smooth and interactive ayahuasca experience. It's better to classify these kinds of different experience in terms of their duration into short and long-acting DMT trips (from now referred as "short DMT trips" and "long DMT trips" respectively), being the long DMT trips those that can be induced through inhibition of MAO enzymes. The followings are all the different ways in which DMT can be consumed: <ref>https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=11514&#post11514</ref><ref>https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal06.shtml</ref><ref>https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Ingestion_Methods</ref> | |||
| | *'''Short-acting DMT trip consumptions:''' | ||
**Smoked/vaporized DMT (from 10 to 60 mg; from 5 to 20 minutes) | |||
**Intravenous injection of DMT (from 4 to 20 mg; from 10 to 30 minutes) | |||
**Smoked changa (dosage difficult to measure, recommended to follow smoked DMT dosage range; up to 35 minutes) | |||
**Intramuscular injection of DMT (up to 80 mg; up to 45 minutes) | |||
**Intranasal administration of DMT (unknown dosage ranges, presumed similar to those of smoked/vaporized DMT, unknown duration) | |||
*'''Ayahuasca and equivalent preparations consumptions:''' | |||
**Oral ingestion of MHRB (''mimosa hostilis'' root bark) brew or plant material (up to 50 g of ~1.2% MHRB; up to 2.5 hours)<ref>https://www.erowid.org/plants/mimosa/mimosa_info2.shtml</ref> | |||
**Oral ingestion of ayahuasca or equivalent preparations, either liquid brew or solid plant material: | |||
***Harmala alkaloids-containing plant, frequently ''baniseriopsis caapi'' or ''[[Peganum harmala|peganum harmala]]'' (amount of plant material with an equivalence of 140 to 240 mg of total alkaloids; up to 50 minutes prior to the ingestion of the DMT-containing brew or plant material, or simultaneously with it) | |||
***DMT-containing plant, frequently ''[[Mimosa tenuiflora|mimosa hostilis]]'', ''acacia confusa'' or ''[[Psychotria viridis|psychotria viridis]]'' (amount of plant material with an equivalence of 35 to 85 mg; from 5 to 10 hours) | |||
**Oral ingestion of pharmahuasca: | |||
***MAOI or RIMA (from 140 to 240 mg of total harmala alkaloids, or an equivalent amount of harmalas-containing plant, or an equivalent dose of a pharmaceutical MAOI or RIMA; up to 50 minutes prior to the ingestion of DMT or simultaneously with it) | |||
***DMT (from 35 to 85 mg; from 5 to 10 hours) | |||
*'''Long-acting DMT trip consumptions''' (for each: a co-administration through the same ROA of 70 to 150 mg of total harmala alkaloids<ref>https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=10624&p=1</ref>, or an oral ingestion of 140 to 240 mg of total alkaloids, or an equivalent amount of harmalas-containing plant material, or an equivalent dose of a pharmaceutical MAOI or RIMA; from 70 to 30 minutes prior to the administration of DMT crystals): | |||
**Rectal administration of DMT crystals (up to 70 mg; from 5 to 8 hours)<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/DMT/comments/1726ldy/did_anyone_tried_dmt_boof/kol2qu0/?context=3</ref> | |||
**Sublingual administration of DMT crystal (unknown dosage ranges, pressumed similar to those of rectal DMT; unknown duration) | |||
**Intranasal administration of DMT crystal (unkown dosage ranges, pressumed similar to those of smoked/vaporized DMT; unknown duration) | |||
*'''Hypothetical "long DMT trip" consumptions''' (for each: an oral ingestion of either 140 to 240 mg of total harmala alkaloids, or an equivalent amount of harmalas-containing plant material, or an equivalent dose of a pharmaceutical MAOI or RIMA): | |||
**Smoked/vaporized DMT (from 10 to 60 mg; unknown duration, pressumed higher than that of changa) | |||
**Intravenous injection of DMT (from 4 to 20 mg; unknown duration, assumed higher than that of intravenous DMT without prior harmalas ingestion) | |||
**Intramuscular injection of DMT (up to 80 mg; unknown duration, assumed higher than that of intramuscular DMT without prior harmalas ingestion) | |||
==Subjective effects== | |||
Depending on the dosage and [[Routes of administration|method of administration]], the effects of DMT can range from mild [[psychedelic]] states to powerfully immersive life-altering experiences which are often described as the ultimate displacement from ordinary consciousness in which users report experiencing ineffable spiritual realms or alternate dimensions. It's also commonly reported to encounter 'beings' of unknown origin after consuming a high dose of [https://psychedelia.io DMT]. Terrence Mckenna and Dr. Rick Strassman have both studied and popularized this phenomenon. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gallimore|first1=Andrew R.|last2=Strassman|first2=Rick J.|title=A Model for the Application of Target-Controlled Intravenous Infusion for a Prolonged Immersive DMT Psychedelic Experience|year=2016|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|eissn=1663-9812|pmid=27471468|pmc=4944667|doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00211|volume=7|issue=211}}</ref> | |||
DMT | DMT in its smokeable form is reported to be the least mentally inebriating [[psychedelic]]. It is due to a lack of perceived intoxication that many people describe DMT as a genuine experience that is actually happening to them. | ||
It is worth noting that many people report that smoked DMT is extremely clear-headed in its style and tends to produce less personal insight in comparison to orally active [[psychedelics]] such as [[ayahuasca]], [[LSD]] and [[psilocybin]] due to its short-acting nature. | |||
An important detail that must be considered is that the majority of the following information about the effects that DMT can produce is extracted almost entirely from reports of smoked DMT. It's completely possible to induce a DMT trip with the co-ingestion of a MAOI but employing a different [[Routes of administration|ROA]] than oral (the latter referred as [[ayahuasca]] or pharmahuasca), for example: [[rectal]], [[sublingual]] or [[intranasal]]. Such methods of consumption will allow the DMT to avoid passing through the liver and also inhibit the action of the MAO enzymes, leading to "long DMT trips" that can provide a series of effects that are distinct to those of smoked DMT but that also differ slightly from classical ayahuasca experiences. | |||
DMT | |||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | |||
{{effects/base | |||
|{{effects/physical| | |||
The | *'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]'''<ref name="strassman" /> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''<ref name="strassman" /> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''<ref name="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4773875/" /> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Neurogenesis]]'''<ref name="pmid=32989216" /> and '''[[Effect::Neuroplasticity]]'''<ref name="pmid=29898390" /> - Recent studies have shown that psychedelics, when done in a therapeutic setting and following harm reduction practices, can improve brain health by promoting neuron production and increasing plasticity. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''<ref name="strassman" /> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]'''<ref name="strassman">{{cite journal|last1=Strassman|first1=R. J.|last2=Qualls|first2=C. R.|last3=Uhlenhuth|first3=E. H.|last4=Kellner|first4=R.|title=Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale|year=1994|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|issn=2168-622X|eissn=1538-3636|volume=51|issue=2|pages=98-108|pmid=8297217|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002|url=http://www.maps.org/research-archive/w3pb/1994/1994_Strassman_22714_1.pdf}}</ref> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of DMT can be described as a pleasurable all-encompassing glow. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached. It is capable of becoming very powerful at higher doses and can remain after the experience itself has ended for up the same amount of time of the trip's entire duration. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - It should be noted that, when smoking DMT, this effect is not as reliably produced as it is with substances like [[stimulants]] or [[entactogens]], and can just as easily manifest as physical discomfort for no apparent reason. However, even if such discomfort manifests during a "long DMT trip", it tends to eventually fade into a distinctive physical euphoria when the come down is approaching. Such euphoria is described as an all encompasing inner warmth which can, ocasionally, become very powerful, in a fashion that would be described as "more blissful than opioids like [[heroin]] or [[oxycodone]]". | |||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' - When smoking higher DMT breakthrough doses, physical feelings of being launched across vast distances at incredibly high speeds are commonly reported.<ref name="strassman"></ref> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - This effect is much less common than it is with [[5-MeO-DMT]] as well as longer-lasting psychedelics like [[Psilocybin#Psilocybin-containing mushrooms|psilocybin mushrooms]] or [[mescaline]]. However, it can still manifest spontaneously and sometimes lead to sudden bouts of vomiting, particularly when a MAO inhibitor has been used to induce a "long DMT trip". Fasting during the previous hours to the experience or eating small portions (and preferently light foods) can prevent this effect. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Seizure]]''' - This is a very rare effect but is believed to happen in those who are predisposed to them, especially while in physically taxing conditions such as being dehydrated, fatigued or undernourished. | |||
}} | |||
{{effects/visual| | |||
DMT | It has been proposed that DMT visual effects will increasingly show up during the come up of the experience but will reach a peak of hallucinations that can last about ten to twenty minutes after the experience started, and after that, despite the cognitive effects will still be in the peak, the visual effects seem to start fading slowly during the rest of the experience. | ||
Since smoked DMT provides an experience that doesn't last more than half an hour, the visual effects disappear at the same time than the rest of the effects, but with rectally, sublingually or intranasally active DMT, the user can notice the slow decrease of visual effects even if they're experiencing an ego death. | |||
== | ====Enhancements==== | ||
===[[ | *'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition enhancement]]''' | |||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Effect::Visual acuity enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Visual | *'''[[Effect::Magnification]]''' | ||
*'''[[ | |||
=== | ====Distortions==== | ||
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' ''([[Drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Drifting#Flowing|flowing]])'' - In comparison to other [[psychedelic]]s, this effect can be described as highly detailed, slow and smooth in motion and static in its appearance. | |||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Effect::Colour replacement]]''' | ||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]''' | ||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Effect::Colour tinting]]''' | ||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' and '''[[Effect::After images|after images]]''' - For most users, these are probably the most long-lasting visual effects of DMT, and can still be noticed even when towards the tail end of the entire experience. | ||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Effect::Recursion]]''' | ||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Environmental patterning]]''' | |||
===[[ | ====[[Effect::Geometry]]==== | ||
The visual geometry | The visual geometry encountered can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[psilocin]] than [[LSD]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Geometry#Variations|variations]] as intricate in complexity, abstract in form, equally organic and digital in feel, structured in organization, brightly lit, multicoloured in scheme, glossy in shading, equal in sharp and soft edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in rounded and angular corners, immersive in depth and consistent in its intensity. At higher doses, it is significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8B Geometry|level 8B]] visual geometry over [[8A Geometry|level 8A]]. | ||
The geometry present with smokeable DMT is | The geometry present with smokeable DMT is considered by many to be the most profoundly intricate and complex set of visual geometry found within the entirety of the [[psychedelic]] experience. In comparison to [[ayahuasca]] (or other forms of active DMT), it is significantly more digital in appearance and contains a colour scheme which is similar to [[LSD]] and a structured style that resembles a high dose of [[psilocin]] ('''4-HO-DMT'''). | ||
=== | ====Hallucinatory states==== | ||
DMT produces a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more consistent and reproducible than that of any other commonly used psychedelic. These effects include: | DMT produces a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more consistent and reproducible than that of any other commonly used psychedelic. These effects include: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Machinescapes]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' | |||
*'''[[Auditory | *'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - DMT produces high level internal hallucinations at appropriate doses more consistently than that of any other [[psychedelic]]. They are more common within dark environments and can be comprehensively described through their [[Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability, geometry-based in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme. | ||
*'''[[Auditory | *'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - These are more common within dark environments and can be comprehensively described through their [[External_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability, geometry-based in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme. | ||
*'''[[Auditory effects: | |||
}} | |||
{{effects/auditory| | |||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement|Enhancements]]''' - Enhancements of one's auditory acuity, often following the end of the experience, have been reported in clinical studies with intravenously-administered DMT.<ref name="strassman" /> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion|Distortions]]'''<ref name="strassman" /> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations|Hallucinations]]''' | |||
}} | |||
{{effects/multisensory| | |||
*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]''' - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states. | |||
}}|{{effects/cognitive| | |||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - Anxiety seems to manifest more consistently with DMT in comparison to other psychedelics like [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin]] and it's oftenly present during the come up phase, fading off while the user enters the peak. This effect may be related to the drug's capacity to produce high levels of memory suppression given that the feeling itself is oftenly described as if one's consciousness is losing touch with reality or that the mind is being ripped apart. In very high doses the user may suffer the percepton that is being driven to insanity against their will, getting disintegrated or even fall into the not uncommon delusion that is dying. The practice of grounding exercises can help the user to deal with this effect. | |||
= | *'''[[Effect::Feelings of impending doom]]'''<ref name="strassman" /> | ||
**Pre-trip anxiety - While this effect can be manifested during the experience itself -particularly during the come up-, it's extremely common for nervousness, anxiety or fear to be suffered minutes, hours or sometimes even days prior to the experience. This effect is described as if the user is about to face, alone, an inminent danger, and depending on the set and setting, the level of experience and how often the user "trips", this effect can vary from mild to overwhelming, which can lead to the user's decision to delay or decline the consumption of the drug. It's discouraged to users to make use of anxyolitic drugs to inhibe this effect since the experience can be significantly "numbed", making the user to regret such decision. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]''' - Delusions can be presented alongside [[personal meaning intensification]], and are common among inexperienced users, who may be not completely aware that this is an effect on itself and not necessarily a strict implication that feeling a connection or implication of any kind means that there is actually one. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Ego replacement]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - While smoking DMT doesn't present this effect with enough consistency, the co-consumption of a MAOI will lead to a prolonged "trip" in which the user can experience common emotions in an intensified fashion, and even if so called negative emotions such as sadness or melancholy can appear during the experience -depending on the set, setting and background context-, it's common for the experience to still be defined as "pleasant" since such emotions often produce [[catharsis]] and can be properly dealt through [[personal bias suppression]]. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]''' - On "short DMT trips", this effect differs from MDMA and other [[entactogens]] in that it isn't as central to the experience and it's mostly presented as a part of the afterglow. It can manifest more consistently during "long DMT trips", where it feels more natural and less forced, and is experienced predominantly during the come down or after the experience ended. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Euthymia]]''' - This effect manifests itself acutely for all classical psychedelics when one to three doses are combined with a psychotherapy treatment program. In case of DMT, euthymia has a slightly higher ocurrence when a [[MAOI]] is added to the ingestion. When comparing meta analyses, psychedelic psychotherapy greatly outperforms "gold standard" treatments for several mental health problems. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Catharsis]]''' - While smoking DMT doesn't provide a long enough experience to process trauma or difficult situations while under the influence of the drug, the co-consumption of a MAOI alongside the non-oral DMT will extend the experience duration and some users that have been going through certain traumatic backgrounds can experience a process of "healing" and "letting go" in a very similar manner to [[ayahuasca]]. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement|Analysis]]''', '''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement|creativity]]''' and '''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement|immersion]]''' enhancements - While smoking DMT can produce these enhancements, these are not as noticeable as with "long DMT trips", given that such experiences will last long enough for the user to get involved in activities where the effects can be much more appreciated. In these situations, these effects are similar to those of [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]] or [[ayahuasca]]. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - When applied a "long trip" method, DMT can induce this effect with one of the highest consistencies among psychedelics, being sometimes described as "pure bliss or ecstasy". It's commonly reported that, when the peak starts transitioning into the come down of the experience, feelings of peace, fulfillment and appreciation will become central to the experience. Sometimes and depending on the set and setting, this effect can be accompanied by an [[existential self-realization]] and/or feelings of [[unity and interconnectedness]], which occasionally can lead to the user to a trascendental moment, even if the peak itself of the whole experience has already passed. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - When DMT is smoked or vaporized, this effect typically occurs only at sub-breakthrough doses, and many people prefer to have their DMT experiences in complete silence to prevent a muddled or overwhelming experience. On the other side, when a MAOI is added and DMT is administred rectally, sublingually or intranasally, this effect can become as prominent as with [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin]] and sometimes will be central to the experience, especially during the come down. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Memory formation enhancement]]''' - While many users experience amnesia during the peak of the experience, one can recall certain events of the trip with an increased facility, in comparison to the great majority of other drugs or everyday life. This effect can persist during the following hours or days after the experience. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | |||
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Mindfulness]]''' - Mindfulness tends to occur after the experience has ended and the individual has returned to ordinary waking consciousness, to a sense of presence and sensitivity towards one's inner sensations as well as outer environment. This effect can last significantly longer once the experience has ended if the user went through a "long DMT trip" by using a [[MAOI]] to extend the experience's duration. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Multiple thought streams]]''' - This effect tends to manifest in a much more chaotic fashion, in tandem with the sensation of cognitive overload. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' - Similarly to [[cognitive euphoria]], novelty enhancement is another signature effect of a "long DMT trip". The user might adopt a "childish enthusiasm" towards their environment, becoming sensitive to elements that in other conditions would be defined as trivial, common or even boring, such as the blue color of the sky, the texture of a blanket or a joke told by someone else. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Suggestibility enhancement]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Rejuvenation]]''' - This effect tends to occur after the experience has ended and the subject has returned to ordinary waking consciousness, often in Near-Death Experience (NDE) variants of a DMT experience. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' and '''[[Effect::Decreased libido|decreased libido]]''' - Despite the fact that both effects are commonly referred as physical effects, "long DMT trips" are capable to leave the user in a status of overall satisfaction and contentment, thus decreasing any urge to eat or take part in sexual activities, even if the user is perfectly capable of doing so in physical terms. This effect, alongside [[mindfulness]] is one of the common effects of the afterglow and it has been reported to last for several days or weeks even. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Autonomous voice communication]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' - During "breakthrough" doses, this effect is prominent due to the intense [[memory suppression]] that can manifest, leading users to have "thoughts that cannot be spoken". | |||
*Thought '''[[Effect::Thought acceleration|acceleration]]''', '''[[Effect::Thought connectivity|connectivity]]''' and '''[[Effect::Thought organization|organization]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - When smoking, this particular effect is most prevalent and notable with [[DMT#Progressive stages|"breakthrough" experiences]].<ref name="strassman" />, and only tends to last under fifteen minutes but is commonly reported to subjectively feel as if it had lasted much longer, in some cases "many lifetimes" or even an "eternity". On the other hand, during "long DMT trips", while the user can still experience an "eternal" breakthrough experience, after the peak ends and the user enters the comedown, they can still feel that time is passing slower than usual; this effect is related to other effects like [[analysis enhancement]] and [[immersion enhancement]]. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' - The administration of DMT with a MAOI can extend the effects for long enough to suppress the user's urge to sleep. | |||
}} | |||
{{effects/transpersonal| | |||
For a number of individuals these effects are consistently more reproducible and powerful with DMT than they are with other “classical psychedelics” such as [[LSD]] or [[mescaline]], this is most likely due to its very intense effects. These components are unique to DMT in that for a majority of its users they are significantly more likely to manifest during "breakthrough" experiences as opposed to sub-breakthrough level experiences. | |||
This | *'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]''' - This effect makes the everyday instant assumptions such as being alive or having loved ones around to be reprocessed, making the user more aware of their own situation and leading to feelings of gratitude. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Near-death experience]]'''<ref name="NDE frontiersin" /><ref name="pmid30711788" /> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Perception of eternalism]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Perception of self-design]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Perceived exposure to inner mechanics of consciousness]] | |||
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]''' | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
===Progressive stages of a short-acting DMT experience=== | |||
When smoked or vaporized at moderate to heavy dosages, the DMT experience consistently manifests itself in a progressive sequence which can be described as follows: | |||
'''1. "Breaking Through"''' | |||
The first step of a DMT trip is the come up that leads onto an experience commonly referred to as "breaking through." This seems to have at least a few different ways of presenting itself to the user. | |||
The first thing that a person notices is an extremely distinct set of visual enhancements such an increase in [[Visual acuity enhancement|visual acuity]] and [[Colour enhancement|colour intensity]]. This is followed by a sudden onset of high level 3 [[geometry]] which increases in its intensity until it envelopes and covers the external environment. These effects are often accompanied by [[auditory hallucination]]s such as soft crackling sounds or high pitched extended tones. There is also the possibility of accompanying physical sensations as one "breaks through." These can include feelings of suddenly being pushed through and onto the other side of a membrane or feelings of shooting through space at high speeds. | |||
The | '''2. "The Waiting Room"''' | ||
Almost immediately after a person has inhaled enough DMT to have "broken through", they often find themselves spending a brief amount of time in what is sometimes described as a [[psychedelic]] "waiting room" or "loading screen". The appearance of this space can assume a seemingly infinite variety of forms but generally appears in the shape of an enveloping tunnel comprised of rapidly shifting, interlocking geometry. This lasts approximately 10 to 20 seconds and feels qualitatively different from other stages of the experience. | |||
'''3. "The Other Side"''' | |||
Once the waiting period is over, the user will feel that they have "broken through" onto the other side. It is here where users experience intense level 7 [[geometry]] and level 3 - 4 [[internal hallucinations]]. It is worth noting that although experiences vary between individuals, DMT trips often follow common archetypes, [[scenarios and plots|scenarios, content, and plots]]. These scenarios generally consist of visiting what appears to be an alternate reality that is often described to contain [[autonomous entities]], [[settings, sceneries, and landscapes]] as well as themes of a cosmic, transcendental, or [[transpersonal]] nature. | |||
'''4. "Drifting Down"''' | |||
The final stage is experienced as the sensation of being pulled further and further away from the scenario until it is no longer visible and one finds themselves back in reality. This is typically accompanied by level 3 - 4 [[geometry]] as well as a sense of general exhilaration and awe. The moderate to mild [[geometry]] stays for a further 10 – 15 minutes before disappearing completely, sometimes leaving a noticeable "body high" that lingers for up to an hour. | |||
=== Progressive stages of a long-acting DMT experience === | |||
"Long DMT trips" are reported to be at least twice as long as "short DMT trips" and have particular effects that oftenly don't take place when the drug is smoked in the absence of a MAOI. A "long DMT trip" can be described as a four phase experience, with a come up, a peak divided in two parts and a come down: | |||
'''1. Come up''' | |||
Depending on the route of administration, the come up phase can last about 5 to 20 minutes. Since for this methodology the DMT is commonly prepared in the form of acetate (which can extend the onset duration to several minutes) and administrated rectally, nasally or sublingually, the user is not "busy" trying to vaporize crystals or manipulating a syringe while the effects are "wearing on", meaning that they can be in a state of relaxation through all the come up. Given that this phase is longer than during a "short DMT trip", it doesn't present the same distress and can be dealt with proper calm and better focus. It can still, though, provoke [[anxiety]] and give the classical delusion of dying. The first effect that is usually noticed -and that "marks" the beginning of the experience- is a tingling sensation which is perceived as located in the brain. Other common effects are [[Multiple thought streams|multiple thought streams]] and [[Memory suppression|memory suppression]]. | |||
'''2. "The longer breakthrough"''' | |||
The rectal, sublingual and intranasal routes of administration are all capable of producing breakthroughs, which can be very intense and are usually at least 30 minutes long and can last up to 2 hours, depending on the dosages (quantity and presentation). A route of administration such as intranasal has a fast onset and come up and, during the first 15 minutes of the peak, can provide a very similar experience than smoked DMT if a high dose is used. Slower ROAs, such as rectally or sublingually, tend to give so called "ayahuasca breakthroughs" but usually shorter and with less body load, as well as a higher intensity and clean headspace. Nonetheless, given that all "long DMT trip" methodologies are proficient in inducing "longer breakthroughs", it can become draining for the user to be in an extended period of time in such an altered state of consciousness; users prefer to use sub-breakthrough doses to have experiences of still a high intensity but in less degree than that of a typical "breakthrough". The "long DMT trip breakthrough" can present both smoked DMT and ayahuasca typical geometry, alongside [[Conceptual thinking|conceptual thinking]], [[Time distortion|time distortion]], and sometimes [[Unity and interconnectedness|unity and interconnectedness]], [[Ego death|ego death]] or a [[Near-death experience|near-death experience]]. | |||
'''3. "Coming back"''' | |||
=Natural plant sources= | If the user has experienced a breakthrough, a second part in the peak can be present as a short period of time (usually lasting from 20 to 60 minutes) in which the user is still experiencing some "breakthrough" effects but also being in a roughly "normal awareness". Common tasks are difficult to perform since the effects taking place are still too distracting and the user feels [[Sedation|sedated]], but walking around and talking with people is already doable without experiencing a noticeable [[amnesia]]. This part is more of a transition between the "breakthrough" and the come down. | ||
'''4. Come down''' | |||
Despite DMT is known due to the reports of trascendental breakthroughs, users that try the "long DMT trip" method frequently find the come down phase to be the most pleasant part of the experience. It's also the longest part of the experience, usually lasting up to 4 hours. This type of DMT experience is unique due to the fact that people are totally still under the effects of DMT but without going through a breakthrough, meaning that now they can interact with the world and get involved in activites in a very particular state of mind, frequently stronger than that of [[Psilocybin mushrooms|psilocybin]]. The most prominent effects of this phase are [[Cognitive euphoria|cognitive euphoria]], [[Empathy, affection and sociability enhancement|social enhancement]] and [[Increased music appreciation|increased music appreciation]]. Other common effects are [[rejuvenation]] and [[Novelty enhancement|novelty enhancement]], and also [[Analysis enhancement|analysis]], [[Creativity enhancement|creativity]] and [[Immersion intensification|immersion]] enhancements. | |||
===Experience reports=== | |||
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include: | |||
{{#ask: [[Category:DMT]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=2}} | |||
Additional experience reports can be found here: | |||
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_DMT.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: DMT] | |||
==Natural plant sources== | |||
{{main|DMT-containing plants}} | |||
===Mimosa hostilis root bark=== | ===Mimosa hostilis root bark=== | ||
{{further|Mimosa tenuiflora (botany)}} | |||
[[File:Mhrb.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Mimosa hostilis'' root bark.]] | [[File:Mhrb.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Mimosa hostilis'' root bark.]] | ||
''Mimosa hostilis'' | ''Mimosa hostilis'' (also known as ''Mimosa tenuiflora'', Jurema and Tepezcohuite) is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil and is found as far north as southern Mexico. Around 1% of the dried weight is DMT. It is legal to purchase online in many parts of the world and a commonly used source for performing DMT extractions or brewing into [[ayahuasca]]. | ||
[[File:acrb.jpg|''Acacia confusa'' root bark.|250px|thumb|right]] | |||
===Acacia confusa root bark=== | ===Acacia confusa root bark=== | ||
{{further|Psychoactive acacias}} | |||
''Acacia confusa'' | ''Acacia confusa'' (also known as Acacia Petit Feuille, Small Philippine Acacia, Formosa Acacia (Taiwan Acacia) and Formosan Koa) is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia. It is legal to purchase online and easily accessible in many parts of the world. The plant matter itself contains the following chemicals:{{citation needed}} | ||
*N-Methyltryptamine: 1.43% ( | |||
*DMT/N,N- | *N-Methyltryptamine: 1.43% (not psychoactive without MAOI) | ||
*DMT: 1.15% | |||
==Preparation methods== | |||
Preparation methods for this substance found within our [[tutorial index]] include: | |||
*[[DMT extraction using sodium hydroxide and naphtha]] {{Prestigious}} | |||
*[[Acid-base DMT extraction, based on Marsofold's tek]] | |||
*[[D-Limonene and vinegar DMT extraction]] | |||
*[[Norman Tek]] | |||
*[[DMT ingestion methods|DMT ingestion methods]] | |||
==Research== | |||
Dr. Rick Strassman has hypothesized that the pineal gland is responsible for the production and release of DMT which he believes possibly could be excreted in large quantities at the moments of birth and death.<ref>{{cite book |title=DMT: The Spirit Molecule. A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences |last=Strassman |first=Rick J. |year=2001 |publisher=Park Street |location=Rochester, Vt |isbn=978-0-89281-927-0|oclc=45195642}} ({{cite web | url=http://rickstrassman.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=60 | title=Chapter summaries | accessdate=27 February 2012}})</ref> However, this view was contested by [[David E. Nichols]] in 2018, who argued that the pineal gland secretes insufficient amounts of DMT to produce psychoactive effects.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nichols|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Nichols|title= | |||
''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth|year=2018|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|issn=0269-8811|eissn=1461-7285|oclc=19962867|pmid=29095071|doi=10.1177/0269881117736919}}</ref> | |||
In 2019, a study by Jimo Borjigin demonstrated in rat brains that brain neurons with the two enzymes required to make DMT were not just in the pineal gland but also in the neocortex and hippocampus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://neurosciencenews.com/dmt-psychedelic-brain-14346/|title=‘Mystical’ psychedelic compound found in normal brains|date=June 27, 2019|access-date=January 8, 2020|publisher=Neuroscience News}}</ref> | |||
===Near-death experience=== | |||
A 2018 study found significant relationships between a DMT experience and a [[near-death experience]].<ref name="NDE frontiersin">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Timmermann, C.)), ((Roseman, L.)), ((Williams, L.)), ((Erritzoe, D.)), ((Martial, C.)), ((Cassol, H.)), ((Laureys, S.)), ((Nutt, D.)), ((Carhart-Harris, R.)) | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | title=DMT Models the Near-Death Experience | volume=9 | pages=1424 | date=15 August 2018 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01424/full | issn=1664-1078 | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01424}}</ref> A 2019 large-scale study found that [[ketamine]], ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'', and [[DMT]] (and other classical psychedelic substances) are linked to near-death experiences.<ref name="pmid30711788">{{cite journal |last1=Martial |first1=C |last2=Cassol |first2=H |last3=Charland-Verville |first3=V |last4=Pallavicini |first4=C |last5=Sanz |first5=C |last6=Zamberlan |first6=F |last7=Vivot |first7=RM |last8=Erowid |first8=F |last9=Erowid |first9=E |last10=Laureys |first10=S |last11=Greyson |first11=B |last12=Tagliazucchi |first12=E |title=Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. |journal=Consciousness and cognition |date=March 2019 |volume=69 |pages=52-69 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011 |pmid=30711788}}</ref> | |||
= | ===Neurogenesis=== | ||
*[[ | In September 2020, an in vitro and in vivo study showed that DMT present in the ayahuasca infusion promotes neurogenesis.<ref name="pmid=32989216">{{cite journal |last1=Morales-Garcia |first1=JA |last2=Calleja-Conde |first2=J |last3=Lopez-Moreno |first3=JA |last4=Alonso-Gil |first4=S |last5=Sanz-SanCristobal |first5=M |last6=Riba |first6=J |last7=Perez-Castillo |first7=A |title=N,N-dimethyltryptamine compound found in the hallucinogenic tea ayahuasca, regulates adult neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. |journal=Translational psychiatry |date=28 September 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=331 |doi=10.1038/s41398-020-01011-0 |pmid=32989216}}</ref> | ||
*[[ | |||
*[[ | ===Neuroplasticity=== | ||
In 2018, a study demonstrated neuroplasticity induced by DMT and other psychedelics through TrkB, mTOR, and [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT2A]] signaling.<ref name="LyGreb2018">{{cite journal|last1=Ly|first1=Calvin|last2=Greb|first2=Alexandra C.|last3=Cameron|first3=Lindsay P.|last4=Wong|first4=Jonathan M.|last5=Barragan|first5=Eden V.|last6=Wilson|first6=Paige C.|last7=Burbach|first7=Kyle F.|last8=Soltanzadeh Zarandi|first8=Sina|last9=Sood|first9=Alexander|last10=Paddy|first10=Michael R.|last11=Duim|first11=Whitney C.|last12=Dennis|first12=Megan Y.|last13=McAllister|first13=A. Kimberley|last14=Ori-McKenney|first14=Kassandra M.|last15=Gray|first15=John A.|last16=Olson|first16=David E.|title=Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity|journal=Cell Reports|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6082376/|volume=23|issue=11|year=2018|pages=3170–3182|id=PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6082376/ 6082376]|<!--pmc=6082376|(Throws error, not sure why, it's correct)-->issn=22111247|doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022|pmid=29898390}}</ref> | |||
==Reagent results== | |||
Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Marquis | |||
!Mecke | |||
!Mandelin | |||
!Liebermann | |||
!Froehde | |||
!Robadope | |||
!Ehrlich | |||
!Hofmann | |||
!Simon's | |||
|- | |||
|Yellow - Orange - Brown | |||
|Yellow - Green - Dark green | |||
|(faint) Green - Brown | |||
|Black | |||
|No reaction | |||
|No reaction | |||
|Pink - magenta | |||
|Yellow | |||
|No reaction<br /> | |||
|} | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | |||
{{toxicityStub}} | |||
{{Further|Responsible use#Hallucinogens}} | |||
DMT is considered to be non-addictive, is not associated with any form of neurotoxicity, and has an [[Toxicity::extremely low toxicity]] relative to dose. As with other [[psychedelic]] substances, there are relatively few physical side effects associated with acute DMT exposure. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a careful context, it has little to no negative cognitive, psychiatric or physical consequences.<ref name="strassman" /> | |||
However, as with psychedelics generally, DMT is thought to be able to act as a potential trigger for those with underlying psychiatric conditions. Those with a personal or family history of mental illness are advised not to use this substance unless under medical supervision. | |||
Despite the lack of physical risks, it is highly advised to approach this substance with extreme caution and [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]]. | |||
===Lethal dosage=== | |||
The median lethal dose ([[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]]) of DMT in humans has never been reached in any setting, nor is this expected to change due to its pharmacological properties. | |||
===Dependence and abuse potential=== | |||
Like other [[serotonergic psychedelics]], DMT is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential]].<ref name="strassman" /> There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer DMT — an animal model predictive of abuse liability — indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence. Likewise, there is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use of DMT is stopped.{{citation needed}} | |||
Notably, tolerance to the effects of DMT [[Time to full tolerance::does not appear to occur]]. The reason for this is unknown. Likewise, DMT [[Cross-tolerance:: does not produce cross-tolerance with other [[psychedelics]]]], meaning that after the consumption of DMT, psychedelics will not have a reduced effect. | |||
===Dangerous interactions=== | |||
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}} | |||
{{DangerousInteractions/Psychedelics}} | |||
==Legal status== | |||
{{see also|Ayahuasca#Legal status|Mimosa tenuiflora#Legal status}} | |||
Internationally, DMT is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, meaning that international trade in DMT is supposed to be closely monitored and its use is supposed to be restricted to scientific research and medical use. Natural materials containing DMT, including ayahuasca, are not regulated under the 1971 Psychotropic Convention.<ref name="Convention1971">{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf|title=Convention On Psychotropic Substances, 1971|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Herbert Schaepe (International Narcotics Control Board)|url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/images/archive/ayahuasca_law_undcp_fax1.jpg|title=International control of the preparation "ayahuasca"|date=January 17, 2001|publisher=Erowid|access-date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> | |||
*'''Australia''': DMT is controlled under Schedule 9 of the Poisions Standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019L01471|title=Poisons Standard December 2019|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=January 8, 2020|publisher=Office of Parliamentary Counsel|work=Federal Register of Legislation}}</ref> A schedule 9 drug is outlined in the Poisons Act 1964 as "''Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of the CEO.''"<ref>{{cite web|date=July 2, 2014|publisher=State Law Publisher|title=Poisons Act 1964|url=http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:26063P/$FILE/Poisons%20Act%201964%20-%20%5B09-f0-04%5D.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222191725/http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument%3A26063P/%24FILE/Poisons%20Act%201964%20-%20%5B09-f0-04%5D.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=December 22, 2015}}</ref> Under the Misuse of Drugs act 1981 6.0 g of DMT is considered enough to determine a court of trial and 2.0 g is considered intent to sell and supply.<ref>{{cite web|title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1981|url=http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:28280P/$FILE/Misuse%20Of%20Drugs%20Act%201981%20-%20%5B06-e0-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222180141/http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument%3A28280P/%24FILE/Misuse%20Of%20Drugs%20Act%201981%20-%20%5B06-e0-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=December 22, 2015|publisher=State Law Publisher}}</ref> Between 2011 and 2012, the Australian Federal Government was considering changes to the Australian Criminal Code that would classify any plants containing any amount of DMT as "controlled plants".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_ConsultationonimplementationofmodeldrugschedulesforCommonwealthseriousdrugoffences|title=Consultation on implementation of model drug schedules for Commonwealth serious drug offenses|date=June 24, 2010|publisher=Australian Government, Attorney-General's Department|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107074102/http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_ConsultationonimplementationofmodeldrugschedulesforCommonwealthseriousdrugoffences|archive-date=7 November 2011|df=}}</ref> DMT itself was already controlled under current laws. The proposed changes included other similar blanket bans for other substances, such as a ban on any and all plants containing Mescaline or Ephedrine. The proposal was not pursued after political embarrassment on realisation that this would make the official Floral Emblem of Australia, Acacia pycnantha (Golden Wattle), illegal. The Therapeutic Goods Administration and federal authority had considered a motion to ban the same, but this was withdrawn in May 2012 (as DMT may still hold potential entheogenic value to native and/or religious people).<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 2012 |title=Aussie DMT Ban|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/79564875/aussie-dmt-ban |work=American Herb Association Quarterly Newsletter |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=14}}</ref> | |||
*'''Austria''': DMT is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Belgium''': DMT is illegal to possess, sell, purchase and import.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.druglijn.be/drugs-abc/lsd-en-tripmiddelen/wetgeving | title=Wetgeving rond LSD en tripmiddelen|publisher=Druglijn|language=nl|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> | |||
*'''Brazil''': DMT is illegal to possess, produce and sell under Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>{{cite web|title=RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA - RDC N° 130, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016|publication-date=December 5, 2016|language=pt|page=22|access-date=January 8, 2020|publisher=Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária [National Sanitary Surveillance Agency]|url=http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7}}</ref> Rules are relaxed regarding religious use.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Canada''': DMT is listed in Schedule III of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-15.html|title=Schedule III|work=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19)|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> | |||
*'''Denmark''': DMT is a Category B controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/da/nyheder/2015/bekendtgoerelse-om-euforiserende-stoffer-ni-nye-stoffer-tilfoejet|title=Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer - ni nye stoffer tilføjet|publisher=Danish Medicines Ageny|date=August 31, 2015|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=da}}</ref> | |||
*'''Estonia''': DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''France''': DMT is classified as a narcotic.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Hungary''': DMT is illegal to possess, produce and sell.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Germany''': DMT is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of January 24, 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl174s0097.pdf|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 1974 Teil I Nr. 6|pages=97-98|publication-date=January 23, 1974|title=Sechste Verordnung über die den Betäubungsmitteln gleichgestellten Stoffe|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=January 7, 2020|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | |||
*'''Ireland''': DMT is a Schedule 1 controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1977/act/12/schedule/enacted/en/html#sched|title=Schedule: Controlled Drugs|work=Misuse of Drugs Act, 1977|publisher=Government of Ireland|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> | |||
*'''Israel''': DMT is an illegal substance. Production, trade and possession are prosecuted as crimes.<ref name="judge">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4414356,00.html|title=Judge's son arrested for importing 2kg of hallucinogenic drug|first=Eli|last=Senyor |date=August 6, 2013|access-date=August 11, 2017|work=Ynetnews|publisher=Yediot Ahronot|location=Tel Aviv}}</ref> | |||
*'''India''': DMT is illegal to produce, transport, trade in or possess.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dr. G. Shreekumar Menon|title=The God Drug - DMT|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/opinion/THE-GOD-DRUG-DMT.html|publisher=Mangalore Today|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> | |||
*'''Italy''': DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf|title=Tabella I|publisher=Ministero della Salute [Ministry of Health]|access-date=January 7, 2020|language=it|page=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713034227/http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf|archive-date=July 13, 2019}}</ref> | |||
*'''Latvia''': DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref> | |||
*'''The Netherlands''': DMT is classified as a Lijst 1 (''List I'') controlled substance under the Opiumwet (''Opium Law'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2020-01-01|title=Opiumwet|publisher=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties [Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations]|date=January 1, 2020|access-date=January 8, 2020|language=nl}}</ref> | |||
*'''New Zealand''': DMT is classified in New Zealand as a Class A controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule 1 Class A controlled drugs|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576|work="Reprint as at 13 August 2019: Misuse of Drugs Act 1975"|access-date=January 7, 2020|publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office}}</ref> | |||
*'''Norway''': DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Russia''': DMT is a список I (''List I'') contolled substance. It is illegal to possess, produce and sell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://base.garant.ru/12112176/|title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 30.06.1998 N 681 "Об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями)|publisher=ГАРАНТ [GARANT]|access-date=January 8, 2020|language=ru}}</ref> | |||
*'''Serbia''': DMT is a List 4 controlled substance.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Sweden''': DMT is controlled under Förteckning I (''Schedule 1'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling|publisher=Christina Rångemark Åkerman (Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency])|issn=1101-5225|publication-date=September 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722110239/https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2011-10.pdf|archive-date=July 22, 2019|url=https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2011-10.pdf|page=12|language=sv}}</ref> The Swedish supreme court concluded in 2018 that possession of processed plant material containing a significant amount of DMT is illegal. However, possession of unprocessed such plant material was ruled legal.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Switzerland''': DMT is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | |||
*'''United Kingdom''': DMT is a Class A controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Part I: Class A Drugs|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I|work="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971"|access-date=January 7, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref> | |||
*'''United States''': DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Controlled Substances | publisher=US DOJ | url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/c_cs_alpha.pdf}}</ref> Rules are relaxed regarding religious use, however. In the US, dried root bark of ''Mimosa hostilis'' had been considered a "grey area" item for a long time. However, recent efforts by the DEA appear to be focusing on eliminating internet sales of the bark, citing 21 USC § 841, which states that "(IV) any compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of any of the substances referred to in subclauses (I) through (III)" is also considered an illegal substance. Many USA based vendors have since been stocking ''Acacia confusa'' bark as a result due to its very similar alkaloid content.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Czech Republic''': DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=(([email protected], A. C.-)) | title=463/2013 Sb. Nařízení vlády o seznamech návykových látek | url=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Responsible use (Hallucinogens)]] | |||
*[[Entheogen]] | |||
*[[Psychedelic]] | |||
*[[Tryptamine]] | |||
*[[Ayahuasca]] | *[[Ayahuasca]] | ||
*[[ | |||
==External links== | |||
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine DMT (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt.shtml DMT (Erowid Vault)] | |||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=tk&id=6 DMT (TiHKAL / Isomer Design)] | |||
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01488 DMT (DrugBank)] | |||
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/DMT DMT (Drugs-Forum)] | |||
===Discussion=== | |||
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/409844-The-Big-amp-Dandy-DMT-Thread-The-Fifth-Symphony The Big & Dandy DMT Thread - The Fifth Symphony (Bluelight)] | |||
==Literature== | |||
*Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics, (April), 264–355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478 | |||
*Strassman, R. J. (1995). Human psychopharmacology of N, N-dimethyltryptamine. Behavioural Brain Research, 73(1), 121-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(96)00081-2 | |||
*Strassman, R. J., Qualls, C. R., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Kellner, R. (1994). [http://www.maps.org/research-archive/w3pb/1994/1994_Strassman_22714_1.pdf Dose-Response Study of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine in Humans: II. Subjective Effects and Preliminary Results of a New Rating Scale.] Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(2), 98-108. PMID: 8297217. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:Alkaloid]] | |||
[[Category:Tryptamine]] | |||
[[Category:Psychedelic]] | |||
[[Category:Entheogen]] | |||
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