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5F-AKB48: Difference between revisions
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'''5F-AKB48''' (also known as '''5F-APINACA''') is a synthetic | '''5F-AKB48''' (also known as '''5F-APINACA''' and '''AKB-48F''') is a synthetic [[cannabinoid]] substance of the [[Chemical class::indazolecarboxamide]] class. It acts as a potent [[agonist]] for the CB1 and CB2 [[cannabinoid]] [[receptor]]s<ref>AKB48 (APINACA) and 5F-AKB48 (5F-APINACA). | ||
| http://deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/spice/akb48.pdf</ref> | | http://deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/spice/akb48.pdf</ref> | ||
5F-AKB48 has been investigated in the scientific literature.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jang, M.)), ((Shin, I.)), ((Kim, J.)), ((Yang, W.)) | journal=Forensic Toxicology | title=Simultaneous quantification of 37 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry | volume=33 | issue=2 | pages=221–234 | date=1 July 2015 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0265-x | issn=1860-8973 | doi=10.1007/s11419-015-0265-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Karinen, R.)), ((Tuv, S. S.)), ((Øiestad, E. L.)), ((Vindenes, V.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoids | volume=246 | pages=98–103 | date= January 2015 | issn=1872-6283 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Holm, N. B.)), ((Pedersen, A. J.)), ((Dalsgaard, P. W.)), ((Linnet, K.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=Metabolites of 5F-AKB-48, a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, identified in human urine and liver microsomal preparations using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=199–206 | date= March 2015 | issn=1942-7611 | doi=10.1002/dta.1663}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wohlfarth, A.)), ((Castaneto, M. S.)), ((Zhu, M.)), ((Pang, S.)), ((Scheidweiler, K. B.)), ((Kronstrand, R.)), ((Huestis, M. A.)) | journal=The AAPS journal | title=Pentylindole/Pentylindazole Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their 5-Fluoro Analogs Produce Different Primary Metabolites: Metabolite Profiling for AB-PINACA and 5F-AB-PINACA | volume=17 | issue=3 | pages=660–677 | date= May 2015 | issn=1550-7416 | doi=10.1208/s12248-015-9721-0}}</ref> It was first identified in South Korea<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Chung, H.)), ((Choi, H.)), ((Heo, S.)), ((Kim, E.)), ((Lee, J.)) | journal=Forensic Toxicology | title=Synthetic cannabinoids abused in South Korea: drug identifications by the National Forensic Service from 2009 to June 2013 | volume=32 | issue=1 | pages=82–88 | date=1 January 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-013-0213-6 | issn=1860-8973 | doi=10.1007/s11419-013-0213-6}}</ref> and is available for sale as a grey area [[research chemical]] through online vendors. | |||
[[Subjective effects]] are reported to be somewhat similar to that of [[cannabis]] with a short duration and an emphasis on intense physical sensations. | |||
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. 5F-AKB48 is [[oral]]ly active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other [[cannabinoid]]s, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids. | Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. 5F-AKB48 is [[oral]]ly active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other [[cannabinoid]]s, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 5F-AKB48 can be described as a sharp, uncomfortable, all-encompassing, and electric tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 5F-AKB48 can be described as a sharp, uncomfortable, all-encompassing, and electric tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | *'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, 5F-AKB48 causes an increase in appetite<ref>Mechoulam, R. | *'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, 5F-AKB48 causes an increase in appetite<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref name="HMW">{{Citation | year=2001 | title=How Marijuana Works | url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana.htm}}</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref name="HMW"></ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref> | *'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Martín-Sánchez, E.)), ((Furukawa, T. A.)), ((Taylor, J.)), ((Martin, J. L. R.)) | journal=Pain Medicine | title=Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Treatment for Chronic Pain | volume=10 | issue=8 | pages=1353–1368 | date= November 2009 | url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x | issn=1526-2375 | doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x}}</ref><ref>C{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lynch, M. E.)), ((Campbell, F.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials: Cannabinoids for pain | volume=72 | issue=5 | pages=735–744 | date= November 2011 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref>Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | *'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Arseneault, L.)), ((Cannon, M.)), ((Witton, J.)), ((Murray, R. M.)) | journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry | title=Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | volume=184 | issue=2 | pages=110–117 | date= February 2004 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/causal-association-between-cannabis-and-psychosis-examination-of-the-evidence/71BA37D16485F186CE7B6B785E5B69A4 | issn=0007-1250 | doi=10.1192/bjp.184.2.110}}</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Every-Palmer, S.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence | title=Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study | volume=117 | issue=2–3 | pages=152–157 | date= September 2011 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871611000639 | issn=03768716 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012}}</ref><ref name="Schneir2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schneir, A. B.)), ((Cullen, J.)), ((Ly, B. T.)) | journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=296–299 | date=1 March 2011 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802 | issn=0736-4679 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.10.014}}</ref><ref name="Vearrier2010">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Vearrier, D.)), ((Osterhoudt, K. C.)) | journal=Pediatric Emergency Care | title=A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed | volume=26 | issue=6 | pages=462–465 | date= June 2010 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00006565-201006000-00016 | issn=0749-5161 | doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | ||
}} | }} | ||
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The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 5F-AKB48 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 5F-AKB48 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 5F-AKB48 within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep. | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 5F-AKB48 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 5F-AKB48 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 5F-AKB48 within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep. | ||
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] including 5F-AKB48 may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref> | It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] including 5F-AKB48 may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004"></ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer2011"/></ref><ref name="Schneir2011"></ref><ref name="Vearrier2010"></ref> | ||
As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience. | As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience. | ||
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It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
As with other synthetic | As with other synthetic cannabinoids, the chronic use of 5F-AKB48 can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | ||
Tolerance to many of the effects of 5F-AKB48 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 5F-AKB48 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[cannabinoids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 5F-AKB48 all [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]]s will have a reduced effect. | Tolerance to many of the effects of 5F-AKB48 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 5F-AKB48 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[cannabinoids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 5F-AKB48 all [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]]s will have a reduced effect. | ||
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{{DangerousInteractions/Cannabis}} | {{DangerousInteractions/Cannabis}} | ||
==Legal | ==Legal status== | ||
*'''Brazil | *'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref> | ||
*'''China | *'''China''': As of October 2015 5F-APINACA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref> | ||
*'''Czech Republic | *'''Czech Republic''': 5F-APINACA is banned in the Czech Republic.<ref>Látky, o které byl doplněn seznam č. 4 psychotropních látek (příloha č. 4 k nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.) | ||
| http://www.mzcr.cz/Admin/_upload/files/3/Nov%C3%A9%20PL.pdf</ref> | | http://www.mzcr.cz/Admin/_upload/files/3/Nov%C3%A9%20PL.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''Germany | *'''Germany''': 5F-APINACA is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl113s2274.pdf|title=Siebenundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2013 Teil I Nr. 37|pages=2274-2275|publication-date=July 16, 2013|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
</ref> | *'''Latvia''': 5F-AKB48 is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref> | ||
*'''Latvia | *'''Switzerland''': 5F-AKB48 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom | *'''United Kingdom''': 5F-AKB48 is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. <ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States | *'''United States''': 5F-AKB48 is a Schedule I substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=2016 - Notice of Intent: Temporary Placement of Six Synthetic Cannabinoids (5F-ADB, 5F-AMB, 5F-APINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, MDMB-CHMICA and MDMB-FUBINACA) Into Schedule I | url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2016/fr1221.htm}}</ref> | ||
*'''Italy''': 5F-AKB48 is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>[http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_0_file.pdf Tabella 1], (PDF) (in Italian), Ministero della Salute [Ministry of Health], p. 4. Retrieved November 24, 2020.</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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<references /> | <references /> | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | {{#set:Featured=true}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Cycloalkylamine]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Research chemical]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Indazolecarboxamide]] | ||
[[Category:Adamantane]] | |||
[[Category:Cannabinoid]] | [[Category:Cannabinoid]] | ||