STS-135: Difference between revisions

 

'''STS-135''' (also called '''N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide''' or '''5F-APICA''') is a drug that acts as a potent [[agonist]] for the [[psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] [[receptor]]s which produces subjective effects somewhat similar to that of [[cannabis]] with a short duration and an emphasis on intense physical sensations. There is very little information regarding the pharmacology of this compound within the scientific literature. Despite this, however, it is available for sale as a grey area [[research chemical]] through online vendors.

 

 

Unlike [[cannabis]], the chronic abuse of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been [[Synthetic_cannabinoid#Deaths|associated with multiple deaths]] and [[Synthetic cannabinoid#Harm potential|more dangerous side effects and toxicity]] in general. Therefore, it is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in excessive doses.

==Chemistry==  

 

Although this substance has not been formally studied, from analysis of the structure, it is presumed that STS-135 has a similar binding profile to that of other [[cannabinoids]] and matches many of the in vivo properties of [[Δ9-THC]].

 

Formal studies have demonstrated that STS-135 acts a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist in vitro with an EC50 of 51 nM for human CB2 receptors and 13 nM for human CB1 receptors.<ref name="Banister2015">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Banister, S. D.)), ((Stuart, J.)), ((Kevin, R. C.)), ((Edington, A.)), ((Longworth, M.)), ((Wilkinson, S. M.)), ((Beinat, C.)), ((Buchanan, A. S.)), ((Hibbs, D. E.)), ((Glass, M.)), ((Connor, M.)), ((McGregor, I. S.)), ((Kassiou, M.)) | journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience | title=Effects of Bioisosteric Fluorine in Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135 | volume=6 | issue=8 | pages=1445–1458 | date=19 August 2015 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107 | issn=1948-7193 | doi=10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107}}</ref> STS-135 produces bradycardia and hypothermia in rats at doses of 1-10 mg/kg, suggesting cannabinoid-like activity.<ref name="Banister2015"></ref> However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the cannabinoid high experience continues to remain elusive.

{{effects/base

|{{effects/physical|

*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - The "body high" of STS-135 can be described as a sharp,  uncomfortable, all-encompassing, electric tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating.

*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.

*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, STS-135 causes an increase in appetite<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref name="HMW">http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm}}</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref name="HMW"></ref>

*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB₁ and CB₂, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Martín-Sánchez, E.)), ((Furukawa, T. A.)), ((Taylor, J.)), ((Martin, J. L. R.)) | journal=Pain Medicine | title=Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Treatment for Chronic Pain | volume=10 | issue=8 | pages=1353–1368 | date= November 2009 | url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x | issn=1526-2375 | doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lynch, M. E.)), ((Campbell, F.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials: Cannabinoids for pain | volume=72 | issue=5 | pages=735–744 | date= November 2011 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x}}</ref>

*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of bodily lightness]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture.

 

|{{effects/cognitive|

*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - In comparison to other cannabinoids, this compound is particularly prone to inducing feelings of anxiety and it should therefore be avoided by people who are particularly prone to this state of mind.

*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::analysis suppression]]'''

{{effects/auditory|

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational STS-135 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because STS-135 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried STS-135 within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep.

 

 

As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience.

As with other synthetic cannibanoids, the chronic use of STS-135 can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

 

 

==Legal status==

STS-135 was developed to bypass drug prohibition laws which have banned the possession and sale of many synthetic cannabinoids. As such, it remains legal in many parts of the world. People may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.

 

[[Category:Adamantane]]