This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-08T03:33:20Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Diphenidine: Difference between revisions
>Unity Improved wording. |
>Blackhole use unodc link as ref instead |
||
| (14 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{SummarySheet}} | {{SummarySheet}} | ||
{{SubstanceBox/Diphenidine}} | {{SubstanceBox/Diphenidine}} | ||
'''Diphenidine''' (also known as DPD, DND, 1,2-DEP, and DPH) is a lesser-known novel [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::diarylethylamine]] class. It is structurally similar to [[methoxphenidine]] (MXP) and [[ephenidine]]. It is classified as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref name="wallach">Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., ... | '''Diphenidine''' (also known as DPD, DND, 1,2-DEP, and DPH) is a lesser-known novel [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::diarylethylamine]] class. It is structurally similar to [[methoxphenidine]] (MXP) and [[ephenidine]]. It is classified as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref name="wallach">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wallach, J.)), ((Kang, H.)), ((Colestock, T.)), ((Morris, H.)), ((Bortolotto, Z. A.)), ((Collingridge, G. L.)), ((Lodge, D.)), ((Halberstadt, A. L.)), ((Brandt, S. D.)), ((Adejare, A.)) | veditors=((Lee, J.)) | journal=PLOS ONE | title=Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative ‘Legal Highs’ Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues | volume=11 | issue=6 | pages=e0157021 | date=17 June 2016 | url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157021 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157021}}</ref> | ||
The original synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924.{{citation needed}} However, it was not selected for further development. Shortly after the 2013 UK [[arylcyclohexylamine]] ban, diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic cannabinoids in Japanese herbal incense blends, one of which was implicated in a fatal overdose. | The original synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924.{{citation needed}} However, it was not selected for further development. Shortly after the 2013 UK [[arylcyclohexylamine]] ban, diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic cannabinoids in Japanese herbal incense blends, one of which was implicated in a fatal overdose. | ||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[motor control loss]], [[pain relief]], [[internal hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[disconnective effects|dissociation]]. Dissociation is a complex mental state characterized by perceptual distortions and feelings of detachment from the environment and one's self. Anecdotal reports describe high doses of diphenidine producing "''bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia''."<ref>From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs | | [[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[motor control loss]], [[pain relief]], [[internal hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[disconnective effects|dissociation]]. Dissociation is a complex mental state characterized by perceptual distortions and feelings of detachment from the environment and one's self. Anecdotal reports describe high doses of diphenidine producing "''bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia''."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs: PCP to MXE | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= July 2014 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref> The effects of diarylethylamines share similarities with [[arylcyclohexylamines]] like [[ketamine]] and [[phencyclidine]] ('''PCP'''), as well as [[dextromethorphan]] ('''DXM'''). | ||
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of diphenidine in humans, and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. Some reports suggest that it may pose different toxicity risks than traditional dissociatives. It is also likely to have moderate to high abuse potential. As a result, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of diphenidine in humans, and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. Some reports suggest that it may pose different toxicity risks than traditional dissociatives. It is also likely to have moderate to high abuse potential. As a result, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
The synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924. It employed a nitrile displacement reaction analogous to the one that would later be used to discover [[phencyclidine]] in 1956. Shortly after the 2013 UK ban on [[arylcyclohexylamines]], diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. | The synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924. It employed a nitrile displacement reaction analogous to the one that would later be used to discover [[phencyclidine]] in 1956. Shortly after the 2013 UK ban on [[arylcyclohexylamines]], diphenidine and the related compound [[methoxphenidine]] became available on the grey market. | ||
In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic [[cannabinoids]] in Japanese herbal incense blends. One herbal incense blend was found to contain diphenidine and [[5-fluoro-AB-PINACA]] at concentrations of 289 mg/g and 55.5 mg/g, respectively.<ref> | In 2014, there were two cases of diphenidine being sold in combination with synthetic [[cannabinoids]] in Japanese herbal incense blends. One herbal incense blend was found to contain diphenidine and [[5-fluoro-AB-PINACA]] at concentrations of 289 mg/g and 55.5 mg/g, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wurita, A.)), ((Hasegawa, K.)), ((Minakata, K.)), ((Watanabe, K.)), ((Suzuki, O.)) | journal=Forensic Toxicology | title=A large amount of new designer drug diphenidine coexisting with a synthetic cannabinoid 5-fluoro-AB-PINACA found in a dubious herbal product | volume=32 | issue=2 | pages=331–337 | date=1 August 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0240-y | issn=1860-8973 | doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0240-y}}</ref> Another product containing AB-CHMINACA, 5F-AMB, and diphenidine was implicated in a fatal overdose.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hasegawa, K.)), ((Wurita, A.)), ((Minakata, K.)), ((Gonmori, K.)), ((Nozawa, H.)), ((Yamagishi, I.)), ((Watanabe, K.)), ((Suzuki, O.)) | journal=Forensic Toxicology | title=Postmortem distribution of AB-CHMINACA, 5-fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case: usefulness of adipose tissue for detection of the drugs in unchanged forms | volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=45–53 | date=1 January 2015 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0245-6 | issn=1860-8973 | doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0245-6}}</ref> | ||
===Names=== | ===Names=== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}} | {{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}} | ||
Diphenidine acts as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref>NMDA receptor affinities of 1,2-diphenylethylamine and 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine enantiomers and of related compounds | Diphenidine acts as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Berger, M. L.)), ((Schweifer, A.)), ((Rebernik, P.)), ((Hammerschmidt, F.)) | journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry | title=NMDA receptor affinities of 1,2-diphenylethylamine and 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine enantiomers and of related compounds | volume=17 | issue=9 | pages=3456–3462 | date=1 May 2009 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968089609002624 | issn=0968-0896 | doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wallach, J.)), ((Kavanagh, P. V.)), ((McLaughlin, G.)), ((Morris, N.)), ((Power, J. D.)), ((Elliott, S. P.)), ((Mercier, M. S.)), ((Lodge, D.)), ((Morris, H.)), ((Dempster, N. M.)), ((Brandt, S. D.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=Preparation and characterization of the ‘research chemical’ diphenidine, its pyrrolidine analogue, and their 2,2-diphenylethyl isomers: Characterization of diphenylethylamines | volume=7 | issue=5 | pages=358–367 | date= May 2015 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1689 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1689}}</ref> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually the famous “[[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|hole]]”. | ||
Although vendors of diphenidine have stated the compound acts as a [[dopamine]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]] and a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] with [[Opioid receptors|µ-opioid]] affinity and typical [[Dissociatives#Subjective effects|dissociative]] effects, to date diphenidine has not been screened for affinity at the dopamine transporter. If this is indeed the case, however, it provides an explanation for its euphoric and often stimulating effects. | Although vendors of diphenidine have stated the compound acts as a [[dopamine]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]] and a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] with [[Opioid receptors|µ-opioid]] affinity and typical [[Dissociatives#Subjective effects|dissociative]] effects, to date diphenidine has not been screened for affinity at the dopamine transporter. If this is indeed the case, however, it provides an explanation for its euphoric and often stimulating effects. | ||
Diphenidine and related [[diarylethylamines]] have been studied in vitro as treatments for neurotoxic injury.<ref>1,2-diarylethylamines for treatment of neurotoxic injury | | Diphenidine and related [[diarylethylamines]] have been studied in vitro as treatments for neurotoxic injury.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Gray, N. M.)), ((Cheng, B. K.)) | title=1,2-diarylethylamines for treatment of neurotoxic injury | url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0346791&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP}}</ref> Diphenidine may be a stronger NMDA receptor antagonist for neurogenesis, neurological repair and neuroprotection than other more common NMDA receptor antagonistic dissociatives such as [[ketamine]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[PCP]] analogs, [[Iboga]] and [[methoxetamine]]. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]''' - Although uncommon, some people report dizziness under the influence of diphenidine. | *'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]''' - Although uncommon, some people report dizziness under the influence of diphenidine. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - It's worth noting that high dose diphenidine trips can sometimes result in nausea and vomiting at the peak of the trip. For most people, this is surprisingly not as unpleasant as they would initially expect due to the accompanying detachment from the physical senses. | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - It's worth noting that high dose diphenidine trips can sometimes result in nausea and vomiting at the peak of the trip. For most people, this is surprisingly not as unpleasant as they would initially expect due to the accompanying detachment from the physical senses. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]''' - Orgasm enhancement can also be present, even at higher doses | *'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]''' & '''[[Effect::Orgasm enhancement]]''' - Orgasm enhancement can sometimes also be present, even at higher doses, although this effect is not reliable. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 144: | Line 144: | ||
Diphenidine is currently a legal grey area drug worldwide and is easily accessible through the use of online [[research chemical]] vendors. However, this does not guarantee anyone to be immune from legal prosecution should they be found in possession of this substance as the legality is likely to vary from country to country. | Diphenidine is currently a legal grey area drug worldwide and is easily accessible through the use of online [[research chemical]] vendors. However, this does not guarantee anyone to be immune from legal prosecution should they be found in possession of this substance as the legality is likely to vary from country to country. | ||
*'''Canada:''' As of March 2016, MT-45 and its analogues, one of which being Diphenidine, are Schedule I controlled substances.<ref>Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Parts G and J — Lefetamine, AH-7921, MT-45 and W-18) | | *'''Canada:''' As of March 2016, MT-45 and its analogues, one of which being Diphenidine, are Schedule I controlled substances.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Government of Canada, P. W. and G. S. C.)) | year=2016 | title=Canada Gazette – Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Parts G and J — Lefetamine, AH-7921, MT-45 and W-18) | url=https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-06-01/html/sor-dors106-eng.html}}</ref> Possession without legal authority can result in maximum 7 years imprisonment. Only those with a law enforcement agency, person with an exemption permit or institutions with Minister's authorization may possess the drug. | ||
*'''Switzerland:''' Diphenidine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland:''' Diphenidine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey:''' Diphenidine is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2016/9712">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170112-8.pdf</ref> | *'''Turkey:''' Diphenidine is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2016/9712">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170112-8.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom:''' It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | *'''United Kingdom:''' It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States:''' Diphenidine is a schedule II substance and is illegal without a prescription.<ref>https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Substance/Details/7ee627dd-c3ed-42d2-b84f-81edef0d6466</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||