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List of bufotoxins: Difference between revisions

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>David Hedlund
Added ==Risks== -- c/p text from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin -- Abusing or harming these toads not only causes them unnecessary suffering but can also have serious consequences for humans.
>David Hedlund
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poisonous_animals List of poisonous animals (Wikipedia)]
 
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{{headerpanel|{{Template:Warning/Bufo secretions}}}}
==Species==
Toads known to secrete bufotoxins.<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines">{{cite book|title=5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3642854699}}</ref>
===Toads frequently "milked"===
Despite being a frequent target for milking, these toads still carry cardio toxic bufotoxins which have been linked to deaths.
* [[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin)
* [[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin)
** Toads
** ''[[Colorado River toad|Incilius alvarius]]'' (formerly ''Bufo alvarius'')<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
*** ''Bufo alvarius''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines">{{cite book|title=5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3642854699}}</ref>
** ''[[Rhinella arenarum]]''<!-- "Bufo arenarum" in the reference --><ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
*** ''Bufo arenarum''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
** ''[[Rhinella diptycha]]''<!-- "Bufo paracnemis" in the reference --><ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
*** ''Bufo paracnemis''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
** ''[[Nannophryne variegata]]''<!-- "Bufo variegatus" in the reference --><ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
*** ''Bufo variegatus''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
** ''[[Melanophryniscus moreirae]]''<!-- "Melanophryniscus moreiare" (typo) in the reference --><ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
*** ''Melanophryniscus moreiare''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
** ''[[Agile frog|Rana dalmativa]]''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
*** ''Rana dalmativa''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
* [[5-MeO-DMT]]
* [[5-MeO-DMT]]
** ''Bufo alvarius'' (Colorado River Toad)<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
** ''[[Colorado River toad|Incilius alvarius]]'' (formerly ''Bufo alvarius'')<!-- "Bufo alvarius" in the reference --><ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" />
 
===Other toads===
The effects of the bufotoxins in these toads are not well understood.


==Risks==
*''[[American toad|Anaxyrus americanus]]''
In addition to bufotenin, ''Bufo'' secretions also contain digoxin-like cardiac glycosides, and ingestion of these toxins can be fatal. Ingestion of ''Bufo'' toad poison and eggs by humans has resulted in several reported cases of poisoning,<ref name=hitt>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hitt M, Ettinger DD | title = Toad toxicity | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 314 | issue = 23 | pages = 1517–1518 | date = June 1986 | pmid = 3702971 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198606053142320 }}</ref><ref name=ragonesi>{{cite journal |author=Ragonesi DL |year=1990 |title=The boy who was all hopped up |journal=Contemporary Pediatrics |volume=7 |pages=91–4}}</ref><ref name=brubacher>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brubacher JR, Ravikumar PR, Bania T, Heller MB, Hoffman RS | title = Treatment of toad toxin poisoning with digoxin-specific Fab fragments | journal = Chest | volume = 110 | issue = 5 | pages = 1282–1288 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8915235 | doi = 10.1378/chest.110.5.1282 }}</ref> some of which resulted in death. A court case in Spain, involving a physician who dosed people with smoked Mexican Toad poison, one of his customers died after inhaling three doses, instead of the usual of only one, had images of intoxicated with this smoke suffering obvious hypocalcemic hand muscular spasms.<ref name=brubacher/><ref name=godwa>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gowda RM, Cohen RA, Khan IA | title = Toad venom poisoning: resemblance to digoxin toxicity and therapeutic implications | journal = Heart | volume = 89 | issue = 4 | pages = 14e–14 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12639891 | pmc = 1769273 | doi = 10.1136/heart.89.4.e14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Lever, Christopher |title=The Cane Toad: The History and Ecology of a Successful Colonist |publisher=Westbury Academic & Scientific Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84103-006-7 }}</ref>
*''[[Bufo bufo]]''
*''[[Bufo melanostictus]]''
*''[[Cane toad|Rhinella marina]]'' (formerly ''Bufo marinus'')
 
==External links==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotoxin Bufotoxin (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poisonous_animals List of poisonous animals (Wikipedia)]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Substance-related lists]]
[[Category:Substance-related lists]]
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