Peganum harmala: Difference between revisions

'''''Peganum harmala''''', commonly called '''Syrian rue''', '''harmel''', '''espand''', '''esfand''', '''wild rue''', '''African rue''', or '''aspand''', is a plant native to the eastern Iranian region west to India. It has also spread invasively throughout Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Washington.<ref>https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PEHA</ref> The plant itself produces seeds which contain harmala alkaloids and is easily accessible and legal to purchase online.

Powdered syrian rue seeds act as a MAOI at doses of 2-5g.

Syrian rue seeds contain several different harmala alkaloids at slightly varying percentages. Only some are monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. In one study, total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight.<ref>http://www.phcogrev.com/article.asp?issn=0973-7847;year=2013;volume=7;issue=14;spage=199;epage=212;aulast=Moloudizargari</ref><ref>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15563650701323205</ref><ref name=partial/> Seed extracts were potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-A but poor inhibitors of MAO-B.<ref name="new1" />

Total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight, in one study.<ref name=partial/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"

| MAO-A<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Algorta |first1=J |last2=Pena |first2=MA |last3=Maraschiello |first3=C |last4=Alvarez-González |first4=A |last5=Maruhn |first5=D |last6=Windisch |first6=M |last7=Mucke |first7=HA |title=Phase I clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: tolerance and pharmacokinetics study of escalating single oral doses. |journal=Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology |date=March 2008 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=141-7 |doi=10.1358/mf.2008.30.2.1159649 |pmid=18560630}}</ref>

| 0.44%<ref name=chroma>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pulpati H, Biradar YS, Rajani M |title=High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the quantification of harmine, harmaline, vasicine, and vasicinone in Peganum harmala |journal=J AOAC Int |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1179–85 |year=2008 |doi=10.1093/jaoac/91.5.1179 |pmid=18980138|doi-access=free }}</ref>–1.84%<ref name=partial/>–4.3%<ref name=new1>{{cite journal |vauthors=Herraiz T, González D, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Arán VJ, Guillén H |title=beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) |journal=Food Chem. Toxicol. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=839–45 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20036304 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019}}</ref> – The coatings of the seeds are said to contain large amounts of harmine.<ref name=cdfa/>

| [[Serotonine reuptake inhibitor]]<ref name="pmid10404423">{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=James C. |last2=McKenna |first2=Dennis |author-link2=Dennis McKenna |last3=Grob |first3=Charles S. |title=Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=243–56 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10404423 |issn=0279-1072 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00168-8|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

|}

* Desoxypeganine<ref>Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 43, page 43</ref>

* Harmaline<ref name="Pubmed-19784581">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784581</ref>

* Harmine<ref name="Pubmed-19784581" />

* Harmol<ref name="Pubmed-19784581" />

* Vasicine (possible)<ref>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122366</ref>

''Peganum harmala'' can induce miscarriage. It has traditionally been used as an abortifacient agent in Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East.<ref>https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criem/2014/783236/</ref> It is believed that quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine and vasicinone are responsible for the abortifacient activity of the plant.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/zygophyllaceae</ref>

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