Peganum harmala: Difference between revisions

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====Drug use in pregnancy====

''Peganum harmala'' can induce miscarriage. It has traditionally been used as an abortifacient agent in Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Berdai, M. A.)), ((Labib, S.)), ((Harandou, M.)) | journal=Case Reports in Emergency Medicine | title=Peganum harmala L. Intoxication in a Pregnant Woman | volume=2014 | pages=e783236 | date=14 May 2014 | url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criem/2014/783236/ | issn=2090-648X | doi=10.1155/2014/783236}}</ref> It is believed that quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine and vasicinone are responsible for the abortifacient activity of the plant.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zygophyllaceae - an overview, ScienceDirect Topics | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/zygophyllaceae}}</ref>

==Legal issues==

In the United States, it is considered an invasive, noxious weed in the following states: Arizona (prohibited noxious weed), California (A listed noxious weed), Colorado (A listed noxious weed), Nevada (noxious weed), New Mexico (class B noxious weed), and Oregon (A designated weed, under quarantine). This may require land owners to exterminate infestations on their land or be fined, and allows access to government grants to buy herbicides to do so. It is illegal to sell plants of this species in the states listed above.<ref name=PLANTS/><ref name=Oregon1>{{cite news |last=Alexanian |first=Kev |date=2007–2014 |title=AFRICAN RUE, Now That's What I Call A Weed! |url=https://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuidetoCrookCounty.pdf |work=Central Oregonian |pages=11–12 |location=Crook County, Oregon |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930133937/http://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuideToCrookCounty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alexanian |first=Kev |date=2007–2014 |title=CROOK COUNTY'S NOXIOUS WEED LIST, How We Got This Way |url=https://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuidetoCrookCounty.pdf |work=Central Oregonian |pages=113–114 |location=Crook County, Oregon |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930133937/http://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuideToCrookCounty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alexanian |first=Kev |date=2007–2014 |title=GRANTS A GO-GO, Got Weeds? There May Be Financial Help on the Horizon |url=https://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuidetoCrookCounty.pdf |work=Central Oregonian |pages=117–118 |location=Crook County, Oregon |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930133937/http://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuideToCrookCounty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2005, with caveats, the cultivation, possession or sale of this species is also illegal in Louisiana.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Since 2005, the possession of the seeds, the plant itself, and the alkaloids [[harmine]] and [[harmaline]], which it contains, is illegal in France.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruneton |first=J. |date=2009 |title=Pharmacognosie, Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales |language=fr |edition=4 |location=Paris |publisher=Lavoisier}}</ref> In Finland the plant is officially listed as a medicinal plant, which means one would require a doctors prescription to acquire it. In Canada, harmaline is illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/page-2.html|title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C 1996, c.19)|website=Justice Laws Website|date=19 September 2019|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> In Australia, harmala alkaloids are illegal.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==See also==

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[[Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]

[[Category:Cytochrome P450 inhibitor]]

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ====Drug use in pregnancy====
 ''Peganum harmala'' can induce miscarriage. It has traditionally been used as an abortifacient agent in Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Berdai, M. A.)), ((Labib, S.)), ((Harandou, M.)) | journal=Case Reports in Emergency Medicine | title=Peganum harmala L. Intoxication in a Pregnant Woman | volume=2014 | pages=e783236 | date=14 May 2014 | url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criem/2014/783236/ | issn=2090-648X | doi=10.1155/2014/783236}}</ref> It is believed that quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine and vasicinone are responsible for the abortifacient activity of the plant.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zygophyllaceae - an overview, ScienceDirect Topics | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/zygophyllaceae}}</ref>
+==Legal issues==
+In the United States, it is considered an invasive, noxious weed in the following states: Arizona (prohibited noxious weed), California (A listed noxious weed), Colorado (A listed noxious weed), Nevada (noxious weed), New Mexico (class B noxious weed), and Oregon (A designated weed, under quarantine). This may require land owners to exterminate infestations on their land or be fined, and allows access to government grants to buy herbicides to do so. It is illegal to sell plants of this species in the states listed above.<ref name=PLANTS/><ref name=Oregon1>{{cite news |last=Alexanian |first=Kev |date=2007–2014 |title=AFRICAN RUE, Now That's What I Call A Weed! |url=https://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuidetoCrookCounty.pdf |work=Central Oregonian |pages=11–12 |location=Crook County, Oregon |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930133937/http://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuideToCrookCounty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alexanian |first=Kev |date=2007–2014 |title=CROOK COUNTY'S NOXIOUS WEED LIST, How We Got This Way |url=https://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuidetoCrookCounty.pdf |work=Central Oregonian |pages=113–114 |location=Crook County, Oregon |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930133937/http://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuideToCrookCounty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alexanian |first=Kev |date=2007–2014 |title=GRANTS A GO-GO, Got Weeds? There May Be Financial Help on the Horizon |url=https://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuidetoCrookCounty.pdf |work=Central Oregonian |pages=117–118 |location=Crook County, Oregon |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930133937/http://co.crook.or.us/Portals/0/WeedsWarriorsGuideToCrookCounty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2005, with caveats, the cultivation, possession or sale of this species is also illegal in Louisiana.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
+Since 2005, the possession of the seeds, the plant itself, and the alkaloids [[harmine]] and [[harmaline]], which it contains, is illegal in France.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruneton |first=J. |date=2009 |title=Pharmacognosie, Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales |language=fr |edition=4 |location=Paris |publisher=Lavoisier}}</ref> In Finland the plant is officially listed as a medicinal plant, which means one would require a doctors prescription to acquire it. In Canada, harmaline is illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/page-2.html|title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C 1996, c.19)|website=Justice Laws Website|date=19 September 2019|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> In Australia, harmala alkaloids are illegal.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
 ==See also==
@@ Line 50: / Line 55: @@
 [[Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]
 [[Category:Cytochrome P450 inhibitor]]
+{{#set:Featured=true}}