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[[File:JWH-018.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|JWH-018 powder as it was commonly sold online]]
[[File:640px-JWH-018.jpg|260px|thumbnail|right|[[JWH-018]] powder as it was commonly sold online]]
'''Research chemicals''' (also called '''experimental chemicals''' or '''unresearched chemicals''') are psychoactive substances which have undergone little to no human or animal medical research or investigation.<ref name="faq">Research Chemical FAQ - Experimental and Research Chemicals used as Psychoactives by Erowid & Murple v 1.6 - Jun 4, 2010 (Erowid) | https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/research_chems_faq.shtml</ref> The use of research chemicals may be more risky than the use of more well-studied drugs such as [[MDMA]], or [[cannabis]] because of the lack of studies. Most information about research chemicals is based on first-hand experiences and anecdotal evidence. More than one hundred research chemicals, including [[2C-E]] and [[DOM]], were discovered by Alexander Shulgin and written about in his books [[PiHKAL]] and [[TiHKAL]].
'''Research chemicals''' (also called '''RCs''', '''experimental chemicals''', '''legal highs''' or '''designer drugs''') refers to [[psychoactive substances]] which have unstudied effects and little to no history of medicinal use.<ref name="faq">{{Citation | title=Erowid Psychoactive Vaults : Research Chemicals FAQ | url=https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/research_chems_faq.shtml}}</ref>  


Research chemicals have similar effects and molecular structures to many illegal drugs and are often invented in order to bypass current drug laws or improve upon existing substances. For example, [[MXE]] was invented to be "a stress-free version of ketamine" and the "perfect dissociative."<ref>Interview with a Ketamine Chemist By Hamilton Morris (Vice) | https://www.vice.com/read/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2</ref>  
Research chemicals typically have structures and effects similar to illicit substances and are often developed to either improve upon their effects or bypass existing drug laws.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Morris, H.)) | year=2011 | title=Interview with a Ketamine Chemist | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ppzgk9/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2}}</ref> Most information about research chemicals is based on first-hand experiences and anecdotal evidence.


===Harm potential and toxicity===
The term "research chemical" is used by online vendors to bypass legal restrictions for selling psychoactive compounds. Research chemicals commonly come in packaging labelled "not for human consumption" and are stated to be solely used for the purposes of scientific research.
The safety profile of research chemicals is unknown because they have not been studied in a medical context on humans or animals. There is little to no information on the toxicity, health risks, long-term side effects, or lethal dosage of these chemicals, which make their use more risky than the use of more common substances like [[LSD]] or [[MDMA]].


In terms of risk factors, Erowid states that "mislabeling, misidentification, issues of purity, adulteration, and misrepresentation (substitution) are unfortunately a common problem with research chemicals."<ref name="erowid">Experimental & Research Chemicals (Synthetic Drugs, Novel Psychoactive Substances, New Psychoactive Substances, NPS, Replacement Psychoactives) (Erowid) | https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/</ref> It is recommended that one avoid branded products or blends if the active psychoactive compounds are not listed on the labelling.<ref name="tripsit">Research Chemicals (Tripsit) | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Research_Chemicals</ref> Combining research chemicals also presents an unknown risk due to the lack of research.
The use of research chemicals carries more risks than the use of more common, well-studied substances. There have been multiple deaths caused by research chemicals such as [[25x-NBOMe]], [[Bromo-DragonFLY]],<ref name="ErowidBromoVaultFatalities">{{Citation | title=Erowid Bromo-Dragonfly Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bromo_dragonfly/bromo_dragonfly_death.shtml}}</ref> [[2C-T-7]], and others.  


Caution should be used when dosing because not much is known about the dose range, lethal dosage, and harmful side effects. Some research chemicals have produced unexpected adverse side effects due to the lack of screening for off-target effects prior to marketing; both [[bromo-dragonfly]] and [[mephedrone]] seem to be capable of producing pronounced [[vasoconstriction]] under some circumstances, which has resulted in several deaths<ref>A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19091499</ref>. Substituted phenethylamines such as the [[2C-x|2C family]] and [[substituted amphetamines]] such as the [[DOx]] family have also caused a limited number of deaths. Other research chemicals which have been reported to cause death at high doses include [[25I-NBOMe]]<ref name="one">25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_death.shtml</ref>, [[25B-NBOMe]]<ref name="three">Other or Unknown NBOMe Compound Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/nbome/nbome_death.shtml</ref>, [[25C-NBOMe]]<ref name="two">25C-NBOMe (2C-C-NBOMe) Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cc_nbome/2cc_nbome_death.shtml</ref>, [[AMT]]<ref name="amt">AMT (Alphamethyltryptamine, IT-290) Fatalities / Deaths by Erowid | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/amt/amt_death.shtml</ref><ref name="amt2">Boland DM, Andollo W, Hime GW, Hearn WL. “Fatality due to acute alpha-methyltryptamine intoxication”. J Anal Toxicol. 2005 Jul-Aug;29(5):394-7. | https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6603</ref>,
==History and culture==


A millgram scale combined with [[volumetric liquid dosing]] is by far the safest way to measure a substance because most standard milligram scales alone cannot accurately weigh out doses below 10-15mg.<ref>3-MeO-PCP (Tripsit) | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/3-MeO-PCP</ref> Volumetric liquid dosing is the process of dissolving a compound in a liquid to make it easier to measure.
The term designer drug was coined in 1984<ref name="Baum">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Baum, R. M.)) | journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive | title=New Variety of Street Drugs Poses Growing Problem: Designer drugs—analogs of compounds with proven pharmacological activity made by underground chemists—present novel challenges to law enforcement officials, legislators, and scientists | volume=63 | issue=36 | pages=7–16 | date=9 September 1985 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v063n036.p007 | issn=0009-2347 | doi=10.1021/cen-v063n036.p007}}</ref> following the appearance on the illicit drug market in the USA of a number of fentanyl derivatives. They were defined as ‘analogues, or chemical cousins, of controlled substances that are designed to produce effects similar to the controlled substances they mimic’. These highly potent substitutes for heroin caused a number of accidental deaths. A synthetic contaminant (MPTP) in an α‐prodine derivative<ref name="Baum" /> led to chemically induced Parkinson's disease in a number of injecting drug users.<ref name="King">{{cite journal | vauthors=((King, L. A.)), ((Kicman, A. T.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’ | volume=3 | issue=7–8 | pages=401–403 | date= July 2011 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.319 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.319}}</ref>  In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act  was  amended  by  the  Controlled  Substance  Analogue  Enforcement  of  1986, which  attempted  to  ban  designer  drugs  preemptively  by  making  it  illegal  to manufacture, sell, or possess chemicals that were substantially similar in chemistry and pharmacology to Schedule I or Schedule II drugs.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Freye, E.)) | veditors=((Freye, E.)) | date= 2010 | chapter=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication | title=History of Designer Drugs | publisher=Springer Netherlands | pages=183–189 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_27 | doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_27 | isbn=9789048124480}}</ref>
 
Amphetamine derivatives, particularly ring‐substituted examples, represented the next phase in the evolution of designer drugs. The ‘phenethylamine period’, likely inspired by the publication of the book PiHKAL in 1991, would last into the early years of the twenty‐first century. In this time, around 50 illicit phenethylamine derivatives were found in police and customs seizures in Europe and the USA. In parallel with the phenethylamines, many tryptamine derivatives appeared throughout the 1990s. Their synthesis may have been inspired by the publication of the book [[TiHKAL]] in 1997, though they never became widespread.<ref name="King" />
 
New substances rapidly followed the end of the PiHKAL era, the next family being the piperazine derivatives. The prototypical member was BZP. The piperazines occupied a transition state in the marketing of ‘new psychoactive substances’. The source shifted from clandestine laboratories to legitimate chemical supply companies, some of which were located in Asian countries. Since the substances concerned were not initially controlled under drugs legislation, their production and distribution became far more overt. Alongside more traditional retail outlets like head shops, the growth of the internet opened up new channels, where their properties and effects could be openly discussed. It was at this time that the euphemism "research chemical" appeared.<ref name="King" />
 
The piperazines were soon followed in around 2008 by cathinone derivatives, the most common of which in Europe was [[mephedrone]]. At the same time, the first synthetic cannabinoid agonists were identified in smoking mixtures, which are often known as ‘Spice’.<ref name="King" />
 
In the last few years, there has been a rapid proliferation of new substances. Of the approximately 170 substances reported since 1997 by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), over half have appeared since 2006.<ref name="King" />
 
==Toxicity and harm potential==
The safety profile of research chemicals is generally unknown due to a lack of medical studies. There is little to no information on the toxicity, negative health risks, long-term side effects, or lethal dosage of these chemicals, which make their use riskier than the use of more common, well-studied substances. It is for this reason that taking these chemicals for extended periods of time, binging on them, and taking excessive doses is strongly discouraged.
 
In terms of known risk factors, common issues for research chemicals include the mislabeling, misidentification, and misrepresentation of products, the adulteration of other compounds, and issues of purity.<ref name="faq"/> Using a reagent testing kit to properly identify research chemicals is highly recommended before use. 
 
Combining research chemicals presents a risk due to the lack of research and understanding of their pharmacological and toxicological effects. For example, if a research chemical has [[MAOI]] effects (like 2C-T-7), this could make it dangerous to combine it with other [[MAOI]]s, [[stimulant]]s and certain substances which release [[serotonin]] or [[dopamine]]. It is recommended to avoid blends or branded products if the active psychoactive compounds are not listed on the labeling.<ref name="tripsit">{{Citation | title=Research Chemicals - TripSit wiki | url=https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Research_Chemicals}}</ref>
 
Several fatal overdoses have occurred due to [[Bromo-DragonFLY]] accidentally being mislabelled by online vendors as both [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly">{{Citation | title=Erowid 2C-B-Fly Vault: Death Reports 2009 | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb_fly/2cb_fly_death1.shtml}}</ref> and [[2C-E]].<ref name="ErowidBromoVaultFatalities"/><ref name="2ce2">{{Citation | vauthors=((Griffin, D.)) | title=Second Victim Dies After Taking Designer Drug In Konawa | url=https://www.newson6.com/story/5e35b1a383eff40362bece8e/second-victim-dies-after-taking-designer-drug-in-konawa}}</ref> The former is active in the 200-800μg range and is significantly more potent than 2C-E. These situations can be avoided by dosing a minuscule amount of a drug (roughly 0.5 milligrams) and waiting for several hours. This is known as an "allergy test". It is recommended to do this for all new batches of substances. Additionally, it is strongly recommended that one uses a milligram scale to accurately measure their doses.
 
Anecdotal evidence from users suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying research chemicals at low to moderate doses by themselves and using them sparingly. However, nothing can be guaranteed. For example, in one extreme case, the research chemical [[MPPP]] was found in some cases to contain an impurity called [[MPTP]], which caused brain damage that resulted in a syndrome identical to Parkinson's disease from only a single dose.<ref name="faq"></ref>
===Pharmacological deaths===
Pharmacological deaths are fatalities caused by the direct action of the chemical in the body and do not include deaths as a result of inebriated behavior. The content below is an incomplete list.
====Synthetic cannabinoids====
 
*'''[[MDMB-FUBINACA]]''' - MDMB-FUBINACA has gained a reputation as the most deadly synthetic cannabinoid drug sold to date.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shevyrin, V.)), ((Melkozerov, V.)), ((Nevero, A.)), ((Eltsov, O.)), ((Shafran, Y.)), ((Morzherin, Y.)), ((Lebedev, A. T.)) | journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | title=Identification and analytical characteristics of synthetic cannabinoids with an indazole-3-carboxamide structure bearing a N-1-methoxycarbonylalkyl group | volume=407 | issue=21 | pages=6301–6315 | date= August 2015 | issn=1618-2650 | doi=10.1007/s00216-015-8612-7}}</ref> At least 1000 hospitalisations and 40 deaths have been linked to this drug in media and government reports as of March 2015.<ref>{{Citation | title=25 killed, over 700 hospitalized: Cheap ‘Spice’ designer drug causes severe poisoning across Russia | url=https://www.rt.com/news/193700-russia-spice-deadly-drug/}}</ref><ref>"Clinical presentations of intoxication by new psychoactive compound MDMB(N)-Bz-F. Thesis of The II Scientific and Practical Seminar 'Methodical, Organizational and Law Problems of Chemical and Toxicological Laboratories of Narcological Services', Moscow" (in Russian). | http://www.narkotiki.ru/objects/narkotiki02/1414709242.ppt</ref>
 
====Psychedelics====
 
*'''[[AMT]]''' - Deaths from AMT are rare.<ref name="amt">{{Citation | title=Erowid AMT (AlphaMethylTryptamine) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/amt/amt_death.shtml}}</ref><ref name="amt2">{{Citation | title=Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 6603 : Fatality due to acute alpha-methyltryptamine intoxication : Boland DM, Andollo W, Hime GW, Hearn WL | url=https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6603}}</ref> But as a powerful [[monoamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] (MRI), injury could occur when excessive doses are taken or when it is taken with drugs such as [[MAOIs]], [[RIMA]]s, [[stimulant]]s and any substance which act as a [[releasing agent]] or [[reuptake inhibitor]] of [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[serotonin]] and [[dopamine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gillman, P. K.)) | journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia | title=Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=434–441 | date= October 2005 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0007091217349565 | issn=00070912 | doi=10.1093/bja/aei210}}</ref>
*'''[[DOC]]''' - There is one reported death from DOC, however, the toxicology report hasn't been released nor has the presence of DOC been confirmed.<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid DOC (2,5-Dimethoxy-ChloroAmphetamine) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/doc/doc_death.shtml}}</ref>
*'''[[2C-T-7]]''' - There have been at least three reported deaths related to 2C-T-7 use at insufflated (nasal) doses of 30 mg or more<ref name="T7one">{{Citation | title=Erowid 2C-T-7 Vault: Death Reported | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ct7/2ct7_death1.shtml}}</ref><ref name="T7two">{{Citation | title=Erowid 2C-T-7 Vault: Death Reported | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ct7/2ct7_death2.shtml}}</ref> or combined with stimulants such as [[MDMA]].<ref name="T73">{{Citation | title=Erowid 2C-T-7 Vault: Seattle Death Reported, April 8 2001 | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ct7/2ct7_death3.shtml}}</ref> It is not recommended to [[Routes of administration#Insufflation|insufflate]] (snort) this drug or combine it with [[MAOI]]s, [[stimulant]]s and certain substances which releases [[serotonin]] or [[dopamine]] because 2C-T-7 may possibly have [[MAOI]] effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gallardo-Godoy, A.)), ((Fierro, A.)), ((McLean, T. H.)), ((Castillo, M.)), ((Cassels, B. K.)), ((Reyes-Parada, M.)), ((Nichols, D. E.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=Sulfur-Substituted α-Alkyl Phenethylamines as Selective and Reversible MAO-A Inhibitors: Biological Activities, CoMFA Analysis, and Active Site Modeling | volume=48 | issue=7 | pages=2407–2419 | date=1 April 2005 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm0493109 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm0493109}}</ref>
*'''[[25I-NBOMe]]'''<ref name="one">{{Citation | title=Erowid 25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_death.shtml}}</ref>
*'''[[25B-NBOMe]]'''<ref name="three">{{Citation | title=Erowid NBOMe (Other or Unknown NBOMe-Compound) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/nbome/nbome_death.shtml}}</ref>
*'''[[25C-NBOMe]]'''<ref name="two">{{Citation | title=Erowid 2C-C-NBOMe (25C-NBOMe) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cc_nbome/2cc_nbome_death.shtml}}</ref>
*'''[[5-MeO-DiPT]]'''<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid 5-MeO-DIPT Vault : Japanese Death Blamed on 5-MeO-DiPT (June 2004) | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_dipt/5meo_dipt_media1.shtml}}</ref>
*'''[[Bromo-DragonFLY]]''' - Bromo-DragonFLY, accidentally mislabelled as both [[2C-E]]<ref name="ErowidBromoVaultFatalities"/><ref name="2ce2"/> and [[2C-B-FLY]]<ref name="2cbfly"/>, has caused the deaths of three people, possibly due to producing pronounced [[vasoconstriction]] under some circumstances.<ref name="ErowidBromoVaultFatalities"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Andreasen, M. F.)), ((Telving, R.)), ((Birkler, R. I. D.)), ((Schumacher, B.)), ((Johannsen, M.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly | volume=183 | issue=1–3 | pages=91–96 | date=10 January 2009 | issn=1872-6283 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.001}}</ref>
 
====Dissociatives====
 
*'''[[MXP]]'''<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 8804 : First Reported Fatalities Associated with the “Research Chemical” 2-Methoxydiphenidine : Elliott SP, Brandt SD, Wallach J, Morris H, Kavanagh PV | url=https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=8804}}</ref>
 
====Opioids====
 
*Fentanyl analogs
**See [https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/tableLandscape.php?domain=pk&property=fentanyl&sort=name Isomer Design's fentanyl landscape] for a list of fentanyl analogs.
**'''[[Acetylfentanyl]]''' - Between March 2013 and May 2013, 14 overdose deaths related to injected acetylfentanyl had occurred in Rhode Island. After confirming five overdoses in one county, including a fatality, Pennsylvania asked coroners and medical examiners across the state to screen for acetylfentanyl, which led to 50 confirmed fatalities and five non-fatal overdoses statewide in 2013.<ref>{{Citation | title=Notes from the Field: Acetyl Fentanyl Overdose Fatalities — Rhode Island, March–May 2013 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6234a5.htm}}</ref><ref>Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. "Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs warns about acetyl fentanyl: drug caused at least 50 fatalities in 2013 in Pennsylvania.". Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs. | http://www.pa.gov/portal/server.pt/document/1345188/department_of_drug_and_alcohol_programs_warns_about_acetyl_fentanyl</ref> Another 5 deaths were reported in Jefferson Parish, New Orleans,<ref> Grunfeld, David (November 1, 2013). "Couple found dead in Old Metairie home killed by lethal new synthetic drug". NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 28 March 2014. | http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/10/couple_found_dead_in_old_metai.html</ref> along with three more in North Carolina.<ref>{{Citation | title=DHHS Issues Health Advisory for Deadly New Synthetic Drug | url=https://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/dhhs-issues-health-advisory-deadly-new-synthetic-drug}}</ref>
*'''[[AH-7921]]'''- In a 2014 study which investigated nine fatalities in which AH-7921 was involved, it was concluded that poly-drug use was not a major contributing factor for the deaths and that a more important factor was the person's tolerance to opiates, which led to an overdose when the drug was taken in excessive amounts.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kronstrand, R.)), ((Thelander, G.)), ((Lindstedt, D.)), ((Roman, M.)), ((Kugelberg, F. C.)) | journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology | title=Fatal Intoxications Associated with the Designer Opioid AH-7921 | volume=38 | issue=8 | pages=599–604 | date= October 2014 | url=https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jat/bku057 | issn=1945-2403 | doi=10.1093/jat/bku057}}</ref>
*'''[[U-47700]]''' - Combined consumption of U-47700 and [[fentanyl]] caused one fatality in Belgium.<ref>Twee doden in België door overdosis met fentanylpleisters | http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2558454</ref> Individual consumption of U-47700 caused one fatality in Ireland.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((McGovern, D. G.)) | title=U-47700 death: “As we pretend that policing drugs deters users, we can expect more harm, more deaths” | url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/opinion-our-drug-policy-isnt-working-and-people-are-dying-3200883-Jan2017/}}</ref> At least 17 opioid overdoses and several deaths in the USA have also been connected with the use of U-47700.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Zalkind, S.)) | year=2016 | title=Synthetic opiate makers stay step ahead of US drug laws as overdose cases rise | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/11/synthetic-opiates-drug-laws-w-18-fentanyl}}</ref>
 
====Stimulants====
 
*[[2-FA]]
*[[2-FEA]]
*[[2-FMA]]
*[[3-FA]]
*[[3-FEA]]
*[[3-FMA]]
*[[3-MMA]] (''3-MeMA'')
*[[4-FA]]
*[[4-FEA]]
*[[4-FMA]]
*[[4-MMA]] (''4-MeMA'')
*[[Cathine]]
*[[Etilamfetamine]] (''N-Ethylamphetamine'')
*[[Fencamine]]
*[[Lefetamine]]
*[[MDPV]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid MDPV Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdpv/mdpv_death.shtml}}</ref>
*[[MDPHP]]
 
==See also==
 
*[[Responsible use]]
 
==External links==
 
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_chemical Research chemical (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug Designer drug (Wikipedia)]
*[https://erowid.org/psychoactives/research_chems/ Experimental & Research Chemicals (Erowid Vault)]
 
==Literature==
 
*King, L. A., & Kicman, A. T. (2011). A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3(7‐8), 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.319
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Template:Responsible use2}}
[[Category:Research chemical| ]]
[[Category:Responsible drug use]]
 
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