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Perspective distortion: Difference between revisions

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<onlyinclude>{{#ev:gfycat|https://zippy.gfycat.com/AdorableAggravatingGalago.webm|300x300|right|'''Size distortions''' by '''[[Anonymous]]''' - This image serves as an accurate portrayal of the commonly experienced effect known as [[perspective distortions]].|frame}}
<onlyinclude>{{#ev:gfycat|https://zippy.gfycat.com/AdorableAggravatingGalago.webm|300x300|right|'''Size distortions''' by '''[[Anonymous]]''' - This image serves as an accurate portrayal of the commonly experienced effect known as perspective distortions.|frame}}
'''Perspective distortions''' can be described as subtle to extreme changes in how one perceives the size and distance attributed to a person’s body, to specific parts of the external environment, or to the external environment as a whole.<ref name="LSD_AIWS">Lev-Ran, S. (2015). LSD-associated" Alice in Wonderland Syndrome"(AIWS): A Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) Case Report. The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 52(1), 67-68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841113</ref><ref>Halberstadt, A. L. (2015). Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. Behavioural brain research, 277, 99-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2014.07.016</ref>
A '''perspective distortion''' is defined as a subtle to extreme change in how a person perceives the size and distance attributed their body, to specific parts of the external environment, or to the external environment as a whole.<ref name="LSD_AIWS">{{cite journal | vauthors=((G Lerner, A.)), ((Lev-Ran, S.)) | journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | title=LSD-associated “Alice in Wonderland Syndrome”(AIWS): A Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) Case Report | volume=52 | issue=1 | pages=67–68 | date= 2015 | issn=2617-2402}}</ref>


This effect is capable of manifesting itself in 4 different ways which may reflect the failure of each respective responsible visual function.<ref name="LSD_AIWS"/><ref name="LernerHPPD1">Lerner AG, Gelkopf M, Skladman I, Oyffe I, Finkel B, Sigal M, Weizman A. Flashback and hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: Clinical aspects and pharmacological treatment approach. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2002, 39: 92-99 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12227234</ref><ref>. Lerner AG, Rudinski D, Goodman C.and Lev Ran S. Flashback and
This effect is capable of manifesting itself in 4 different ways which may reflect the failure of each respective responsible visual function.<ref name="Schneck1965">{{cite journal|last1=Schneck|first1=Jerome M.|title=MACROPSIA|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=121|issue=11|year=1965|pages=1123–1124|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.121.11.1123}}</ref>
HPPD: LSD flashbacks – The appearance of new visual imagery not experienced during initial intoxication: Two case reports. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2014; 51:307-309. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841230</ref><ref name="JapMacroMicro">Abe K, Oda N, Araki R, Igata M. Macropsia, micropsia, and episodic illusions in Japanese adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989; 28:493-496. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198907000-00004</ref><ref name="Schneck">Schneck JM. Macropsia. Am J Psychiatry 1965; 121:1123-1124. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.121.11.1123</ref>


*'''Macropsia''' - Objects are perceived larger than their actual size.  
* Size distortions:
*'''Micropsia''' - Objects are perceived smaller than their actual size.  
**'''[[Macropsia]]''' - Objects are perceived larger than their actual size.<ref>{{cite journal|title=macropsia|journal=APA Dictionary of Psychology|url=https://dictionary.apa.org/macropsia | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
*'''Pelopsia''' - Objects are perceived nearer than they actually are.
**'''[[Micropsia]]''' - Objects are perceived smaller than their actual size.<ref>{{cite journal|title=micropsia|journal=APA Dictionary of Psychology|url=https://dictionary.apa.org/micropsia | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
*'''Teleopsia''' - Objects are perceived much further away than they actually are.
**'''[[Pelopsia]]''' - Objects are perceived nearer than they actually are.<ref>{{cite journal|title=pelopsia|journal=Medical Dictionary|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pelopsia | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
**'''[[Teleopsia]]''' - Objects are perceived much further away than they actually are.<ref>{{cite journal|title=teleopsia|journal=APA Dictionary of Psychology|url=https://dictionary.apa.org/teleopsia | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>


When affecting distance, perspective distortions can make things seem as if they are physically closer or further away than they usually would be. This can range from a subtle experience, such as the other side of the room feeling marginally further away than it usually would be, to an extreme experience, such as feeling as if the horizon is right in front of you.
When affecting distance, perspective distortions can make things seem as if they are physically closer or further away than they usually would be. This can range from a subtle experience, such as the other side of the room feeling marginally further away than it usually would be, to an extreme experience, such as feeling as if the horizon is right in front of you.


When affecting size, perspective distortions can make things seem as if they are physically smaller or larger in terms of the sense of size that one would usually attribute to them.<ref>Abraham, H. D. (1983). Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashback. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 40(8), 884-889. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009</ref><ref>Horowitz MJ: Flashbacks: Recurrent intrusive images after the use of LSD. Am J Psychiatry 1969;126:565-569. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.126.4.565</ref><ref>Hamilton M (ed): Fish's Clinical Psychopathology. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1974. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gHdQTZNkA9YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Hamilton+M+(ed):+Fish%27s+Clinical+Psychopathology.&ots=okWOwjZJfq&sig=Y85lNwTChlGIhtdhohkn-MXSyCA#v=onepage&q=Hamilton%20M%20(ed)%3A%20Fish's%20Clinical%20Psychopathology.&f=false</ref> This can range from a subtle experience, such as the room feeling marginally smaller and more cramped than it usually would be, to an extreme experience, such as feeling as if the room is hundreds of miles wide.  
When affecting size, perspective distortions can make things seem as if they are physically smaller or larger in terms of the sense of size that one would usually attribute to them.<ref name="Abraham1983">{{cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry David|title=Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=40|issue=8|year=1983|pages=884|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009}}</ref><ref name="Horowitz1969">{{cite journal|last1=Horowitz|first1=Mardi J.|title=Flashbacks: Recurrent Intrusive Images After the Use of LSD|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=126|issue=4|year=1969|pages=565–569|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.126.4.565}}</ref><ref>Hamilton M (ed): Fish's Clinical Psychopathology. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1974. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gHdQTZNkA9YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Hamilton+M+(ed):+Fish%27s+Clinical+Psychopathology.&ots=okWOwjZJfq&sig=Y85lNwTChlGIhtdhohkn-MXSyCA#v=onepage&q=Hamilton%20M%20(ed)%3A%20Fish's%20Clinical%20Psychopathology.&f=false</ref> This can range from a subtle experience, such as the room feeling marginally smaller and more cramped than it usually would be, to an extreme experience, such as feeling as if the room is hundreds of miles wide.  


Perspective distortions are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[depth perception distortions]] and [[visual disconnection]]. They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[ketamine]], [[PCP]], [[MXE]], and [[DXM]].
Perspective distortions are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[depth perception distortions]] and [[visual disconnection]]. They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[ketamine]], [[PCP]], [[MXE]], and [[DXM]].
====Alice in Wonderland Syndrome====
====Alice in Wonderland Syndrome====
Feelings of suddenly having an impossibly giant or tiny body are also a very common manifestation of this effect. This feeling is already known by the scientific literature as “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome Alice in Wonderland Syndrome]”, where it is seen as a temporary condition often associated with migraines, brain tumours, and the use of psychoactive drugs.<ref name="LSD_AIWS"/><ref>Blom, J. D. (2016). Alice in Wonderland syndrome A systematic review. Neurology: Clinical Practice, 6(3), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000251</ref> The effect can either be attributed to the body as a whole or specific parts of it. For example, feelings of having a huge head or tiny limbs are possible.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_11.png|thumbnail|300px|'''Alice''' by '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll Lewis Caroll]''' - This illustration depicts a scene from Alice in Wonderland in which she has grown in size. It is an accurate representation of how it often feels to experience this effect.]]
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) is characterized by [[macropsia]], [[micropsia]], [[pelopsia]], [[teleopsia]], [[altered perception of shape]] (meta-morphopsia), and [[time distortion]].<ref name="pmid=10767914">{{cite journal |last1=Cau |first1=C |title=[The Alice in Wonderland syndrome]. |journal=Minerva medica |date=October 1999 |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=397-401 |pmid=10767914}}</ref>
 
Feelings of suddenly having an impossibly giant or tiny body are also a very common manifestation of this effect. This feeling is already known by the scientific literature as “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome Alice in Wonderland Syndrome]”, where it is seen as a temporary condition often associated with migraines, brain tumours, and the use of psychoactive drugs.<ref name="LSD_AIWS" /><ref name="Blom2016">{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Jan Dirk|title=Alice in Wonderland syndrome|journal=Neurology: Clinical Practice|volume=6|issue=3|year=2016|pages=259–270|issn=2163-0402|doi=10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000251}}</ref> The effect can either be attributed to the body as a whole or specific parts of it. For example, feelings of having a huge head or tiny limbs are possible.</onlyinclude>
 
====Lilliputian hallucinations====
Lilliputian hallucinations, also known as microptic or diminutive hallucinations, are a form of [[autonomous entity]] characterized by their small size.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Blom, J. D.)) | journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews | title=Leroy’s elusive little people: A systematic review on lilliputian hallucinations | volume=125 | pages=627–636 | date= June 2021 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149763421001068 | issn=01497634 | doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.002}}</ref> They are occasionally accompanied by enormous beings of a similar sort, also known as gulliverian or brobdingnagian hallucinations.
 
===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
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===External links===
===External links===
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome Alice in Wonderland syndrome (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome Alice in Wonderland syndrome (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropsia Macropsia (Wikipedia)]
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropsia Macropsia (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropsia Micropsia (Wikipedia)]
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropsia Micropsia (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelopsia Pelopsia (Wikipedia)]
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelopsia Pelopsia (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleopsia Teleopsia (Wikipedia)]
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleopsia Teleopsia (Wikipedia)]
===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references />
[[Category:Distortion]] [[Category:Visual]] [[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Sensory]]
[[Category:Distortion]]  
[[Category:Visual]]  
[[Category:Effect]]
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