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Anxiety: Difference between revisions
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'''Anxiety''' is the experience of negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.<ref name="DSM5GlossaryAnxiety">{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=189-190|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref> These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger panic attacks or feelings of impending doom. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and muscular tension.<ref name="DSM5AnxietyDisorders>{{cite journal|title=Anxiety Disorders|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=818|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05}}</ref> | '''Anxiety''' is medically recognized as the experience of negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.<ref name="DSM5GlossaryAnxiety">{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=189-190|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref><ref name="ICD-11-Anxiety">{{cite journal|title=Anxiety or fear-related disorders|journal=International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.)|year=2022|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1336943699 | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger [[panic attack|panic attacks]] or [[feelings of impending doom]]. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as [[effect::stimulation]], restlessness, [[Focus suppression|difficulty concentrating]], [[effect::irritability]], and [[Muscle tension|muscular tension]].<ref name="DSM5AnxietyDisorders">{{cite journal|title=Anxiety Disorders|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=818|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05}}</ref> Psychoactive substance-induced anxiety can be caused as an inescapable effect of the drug itself, by a lack of experience with the substance or its intensity, as an intensification of a pre-existing state of mind, or by the experience of negative hallucinations. The focus of anticipated danger can be internally or externally derived. | ||
Anxiety is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[depression]] and [[irritability]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[cannabinoids]],<ref name="CrippaZuardi2009">{{cite journal|last1=Crippa|first1=José Alexandre|last2=Zuardi|first2=Antonio Waldo|last3=Martín-Santos|first3=Rocio|last4=Bhattacharyya|first4=Sagnik|last5=Atakan|first5=Zerrin|last6=McGuire|first6=Philip|last7=Fusar-Poli|first7=Paolo|title=Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence|journal=Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental|volume=24|issue=7|year=2009|pages=515–523|issn=08856222|doi=10.1002/hup.1048}}</ref> [[psychedelics]],<ref name="WolbachMiner1962">{{cite journal|last1=Wolbach|first1=A. B.|last2=Miner|first2=E. J.|last3=Isbell|first3=Harris|title=Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25|journal=Psychopharmacologia|volume=3|issue=3|year=1962|pages=219–223|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/BF00412109}}</ref> [[dissociatives]], and [[deliriants]].<ref>Datura effects (Erowid) | https://erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_effects.shtml</ref> However, it can also occur during the withdrawal symptoms of [[GABAergic]] [[depressants]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rebound anxiety in anxious patients after abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=141|issue=7|year=1984|pages=848–852|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.141.7.848}}</ref> and during [[stimulant]] comedowns.<ref name="Williamson1997">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=S|title=Adverse effects of stimulant drugs in a community sample of drug users|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=44|issue=2-3|year=1997|pages=87–94|issn=03768716|doi=10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01324-5}}</ref> | |||
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If you have anxiety, you may want to read the [[anxiety suppression]] effect. Additionally, if the anxiety is significantly impacting well-being for a prolonged time period, it is highly recommended to seek out therapeutic medical attention and/or a support group. | |||
===Analysis=== | |||
Fear is not anxiety.<ref name="ICD-11-Anxiety" /><ref name="DSM5AnxietyDisorders" /><ref name="BarkusMcHugh2010">{{cite journal|last1=Barkus|first1=Christopher|last2=McHugh|first2=Stephen B.|last3=Sprengel|first3=Rolf|last4=Seeburg|first4=Peter H.|last5=Rawlins|first5=J. Nicholas P.|last6=Bannerman|first6=David M.|title=Hippocampal NMDA receptors and anxiety: At the interface between cognition and emotion|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=626|issue=1|year=2010|pages=49–56|issn=00142999|doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.014}}</ref><ref name="Tovote2015">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Tovote, P.)), ((Fadok, J. P.)), ((Lüthi, A.)) | journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience | title=Neuronal circuits for fear and anxiety | volume=16 | issue=6 | pages=317–331 | date= June 2015 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3945 | doi=10.1038/nrn3945 | access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Grupe2013">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Grupe, D. W.)), ((Nitschke, J. B.)) | journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience | title=Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective | volume=14 | issue=7 | pages=488–501 | date= July 2013 | url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3524 | doi=10.1038/nrn3524 | access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="LeDoux2016">{{cite journal | vauthors=((LeDoux, J. E.)), ((Pine, D. S.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework | volume=173 | issue=11 | pages=1083–1093 | date= November 2016 | url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 | access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> Fear is the response to an immediate threat, whereas anxiety is a set of behaviours attempting to mitigate a perceived future threat. Anxiety disorders are an atypical learning of maladaptive behaviours. While there is substantial evidence indicating anxiety disorders involve genetics and early environmental factors, the practice of anxious thoughts and behavioural patterns also further strengthens their associated neural pathways. Ironically, attempting to avoid anxiety-causing behavioural cues protects the anxiety-causing neural pathways from being extinguished. | |||
Fear and anxiety are defensive neural networks involving many functionally distinct hubs.<ref name="Tovote2015" /><ref name="Grupe2013" /><ref name="LeDoux2016" /><ref name="Stahl2013">{{cite book | vauthors=((Stahl, S. M.)) | date= 2013 | title=Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical application | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=4th ed | isbn=9781107025981}}</ref> While there is a substantial overlap between fear and anxiety in these defensive networks, they do differ. Typically the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are the focal points for fear and anxiety respectively, but there are significant problems assigning these as the main center. These hubs generate signals to modify the appropriate defensive neural pathways, but they are not centers for eliciting subjective experience. The body's defensive responses appear before the conscious awareness of feeling threatened, when there is no conscious awareness of feeling threatened, and for survival cues such as hunger. Automatic defensive responses are not by necessity conscious feelings, meaning there are different neural pathways involved for anxiety to be a subjective experience. | |||
Due to the sheer breadth of brain systems involved, the influence of intestinal bacteria,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Foster, J. A.)), ((McVey Neufeld, K.-A.)) | journal=Trends in Neurosciences | title=Gut–brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression | volume=36 | issue=5 | pages=305–312 | date= May 2013 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166223613000088 | issn=01662236 | doi=10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005 | access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> and any potential communicative malfunctioning between any these systems, it's not useful to describe anxiety's underlying neuroanatomy outside of a clinician's context. However, there are specific observable tendencies in anxious individuals:<ref name="Grupe2013" /> | |||
*Inflated estimates of threat cost and probability | |||
*Increased threat attention and hypervigilance | |||
*Impaired recognition of safety cues | |||
*Behavioural and cognitive avoidance | |||
*Heightened reactivity to threat uncertainty | |||
Anxiety disorders are the most common class of mental disorder; one third of the population is affected by an anxiety disorder during their lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bandelow, B.)), ((Michaelis, S.)) | journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | title=Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century | volume=17 | issue=3 | pages=327–335 | date=30 September 2015 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow | issn=1958-5969 | doi=10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow | access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> It's consistently found that the prevalence in women is twice as high as in men. Patients may suffer from their disorder for years to decades, but it does not mean that it is permanent. There is a high overlap among slightly differing classifications of anxiety disorders, and between anxiety disorders with other mental disorders. It is important to remember that the presence of anxiety is a normal defense mechanism. Anxiety becomes an anxiety disorder when it significantly impacts functional well-being for prolonged periods of time. | |||
===Psychoactive substances=== | ===Psychoactive substances=== | ||
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | ||
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{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Anxiety]]|format=ul|Columns=2}} | {{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Anxiety]]|format=ul|Columns=2}} | ||
===See also=== | ===See also=== | ||
*[[Responsible use]] | *[[Responsible use]] | ||
*[[Subjective effects index]] | *[[Subjective effects index]] | ||
*[[Panic attack]] | |||
*[[Anxiety suppression]] | *[[Anxiety suppression]] | ||
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]] | *[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]] | ||
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*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]] | *[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]] | ||
*[[:File:AnxietyNootropics.png|Survey of Nootropics (Anxiety / no Anxiety comparison)]] | *[[:File:AnxietyNootropics.png|Survey of Nootropics (Anxiety / no Anxiety comparison)]] | ||
===External links=== | ===External links=== | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety Anxiety (Wikipedia)] | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiogenic Anxiogenic (Wikipedia)] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety Anxiety (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiogenic Anxiogenic (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic Anxiolytic (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack Panic attack (Wikipedia)] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack Panic attack (Wikipedia)] | ||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
<references/> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category: | [[Category:Cognitive]] | ||
[[Category:Intensification]] | |||
[[Category:Effect]] | |||