Dangerous combinations: Difference between revisions

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===[[Benzodiazepines]]===

*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it. It is important to note that this interaction does NOT follow linear pharmacokinetics i.e. the depressant effects from the interaction are multiplicative instead of additive.{{citation needed}}

*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[benzodiazepine#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.

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*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]], [[Ketamine]],[[phenothiazines]]''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101214113109/http://my.lecom.edu/library/internetresources/journal%20articles/Acute%20Care%20for%20Alcohol%20Intoxication.pdf</ref>) - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a [[depressant]], with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of alcohol, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Alcohol also appears to have addictive effects on stimulants compared to taking either of them alone. For instance a study found that concentration d-[[methylphenidate]] concentration in the brain are increased by up to 30% when mixed with alcohol. Another study had also found that when there is concurrent administration of [[methamphetamine]] (30 mg intravenously) and [[ethanol]] (1 gm/kg orally over 30 minutes) increased heart rate by 24 beats/minute compared to methamphetamine alone. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Alcohol#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored. It also interacts with [[cocaine]] in vivo to produce [[Cocaine#Interactions|cocaethylene]], another psychoactive substance.<ref>Cocaethylene Metabolism and Interaction with Cocaine and Ethanol: Role of Carboxylesterases | ~~http~~://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/31/1/16</ref>

*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a [[depressant]], with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of alcohol, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Alcohol also appears to have addictive effects on stimulants compared to taking either of them alone. For instance a study found that concentration d-[[methylphenidate]] concentration in the brain are increased by up to 30% when mixed with alcohol. Another study had also found that when there is concurrent administration of [[methamphetamine]] (30 mg intravenously) and [[ethanol]] (1 gm/kg orally over 30 minutes) increased heart rate by 24 beats/minute compared to methamphetamine alone. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Alcohol#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored. It also interacts with [[cocaine]] in vivo to produce [[Cocaine#Interactions|cocaethylene]], another psychoactive substance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Laizure, S. C.)), ((Mandrell, T.)), ((Gades, N. M.)), ((Parker, R. B.)) | journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition | title=Cocaethylene Metabolism and Interaction with Cocaine and Ethanol: Role of Carboxylesterases | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=16–20 | date=1 January 2003 | url=https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/31/1/16 | issn=0090-9556 | doi=10.1124/dmd.31.1.16}}</ref>

*'''[[MAOI]]'''s - This combination can result in dangerous reactions through the way in which tyramine, a chemical commonly found in alcoholic beverages, causes [[increased blood pressure]].

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 ===[[Benzodiazepines]]===
-*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
+*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it. It is important to note that this interaction does NOT follow linear pharmacokinetics i.e. the depressant effects from the interaction are multiplicative instead of additive.{{citation needed}}
 *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
 *'''[[Stimulants]]''' -  It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[benzodiazepine#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]], [[Ketamine]],[[phenothiazines]]''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101214113109/http://my.lecom.edu/library/internetresources/journal%20articles/Acute%20Care%20for%20Alcohol%20Intoxication.pdf</ref>) - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
 *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If [[nausea]] or vomiting occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
-*'''[[Stimulants]]''' -  It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a [[depressant]], with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of alcohol, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Alcohol also appears to have addictive effects on stimulants compared to taking either of them alone. For instance a study found that concentration d-[[methylphenidate]] concentration in the brain are increased by up to 30% when mixed with alcohol. Another study had also found that when there is concurrent administration of [[methamphetamine]] (30 mg intravenously) and [[ethanol]] (1 gm/kg orally over 30 minutes) increased heart rate by 24 beats/minute compared to methamphetamine alone. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Alcohol#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored. It also interacts with [[cocaine]] in vivo to produce [[Cocaine#Interactions|cocaethylene]], another psychoactive substance.<ref>Cocaethylene Metabolism and Interaction with Cocaine and Ethanol: Role of Carboxylesterases | http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/31/1/16</ref>
+*'''[[Stimulants]]''' -  It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a [[depressant]], with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of alcohol, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Alcohol also appears to have addictive effects on stimulants compared to taking either of them alone. For instance a study found that concentration d-[[methylphenidate]] concentration in the brain are increased by up to 30% when mixed with alcohol. Another study had also found that when there is concurrent administration of [[methamphetamine]] (30 mg intravenously) and [[ethanol]] (1 gm/kg orally over 30 minutes) increased heart rate by 24 beats/minute compared to methamphetamine alone. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Alcohol#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored. It also interacts with [[cocaine]] in vivo to produce [[Cocaine#Interactions|cocaethylene]], another psychoactive substance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Laizure, S. C.)), ((Mandrell, T.)), ((Gades, N. M.)), ((Parker, R. B.)) | journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition | title=Cocaethylene Metabolism and Interaction with Cocaine and Ethanol: Role of Carboxylesterases | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=16–20 | date=1 January 2003 | url=https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/31/1/16 | issn=0090-9556 | doi=10.1124/dmd.31.1.16}}</ref>
 *'''[[MAOI]]'''s - This combination can result in dangerous reactions through the way in which tyramine, a chemical commonly found in alcoholic beverages, causes [[increased blood pressure]].